Research methods Flashcards
TEACUP
Testable, empirical support, application, clearly defined, unbiased, predicts behaviour
Internal validity
Lack of confounding variables
Reliability
Consistency of measurement
Validity
The extent to which the researcher measures what they claim to be measuring
External validity
Can the findings be generalised
Epistemological reflexivity
The researcher reflects on how the study was carried out
Simple-blind procedure
Participants don’t know whether they are in the control or experimental group
Bi-directional ambiguity
Correlational, no IV, relationship between A and B is uncertain
Deception by omission
Participants aren’t fully informed
Deception by commission
Participants are lied to
CARDUD
Consent, anonymity, right to withdraw, deception, undue stress, debriefing
Case study method
very detailed investigation’s of an individual or small group of people, usually regarding an unusual phenomenon.
Inductive-content analysis
Qualitative research, analysing data and organising it into categories
Longitudinal
Over a long period of time
Cross sectional
Collecting data from a few participants in one point in time
Types of triangulation
method, data, researcher
Naturalistic
In naturalistic settings
Snowball sampling
participant knows people is part of a community and tells others ab the experiment
Random sampling
using a number generator etc. From a specified group
Stratified sampling
based on the ratio of people with certain characteristics in society
haphazard sampling
Man on the street technique
Self-selected sampling
volunteer
Reductionist
Single characteristics/factors are analysed
Retrospective
looks back on past behaviours
Prospective
evaluates future behaviours
Participant bias
demand characteristics, reactivity phenomenon, social desirability effect
Personal reflexivity
researcher reflects on their own biases
Order effects
Fatigue effects, screw you effects, practice effects
Independent sample design
the conditions are applied to one group
Matched pairs design
conditions are applied to one group but the groups are equivalent in terms of the characteristic
Repeated measures
Identical conditions applied to everyone
Participant attrition
participant dropout
YAVIS bias
Young, attractive, verbal skills, intelligent, successful
WEIRD bias
Western, educated, industrialised, rich, democratic
Correlational study
non-experimental, researcher doesn’t control or manipulate any variables, co-variables
Covert observation
participants aren’t aware they’re being watched
Overt observation
participants know
Participant observation
researcher is part of the group
Time sampling
Notes are taken systematically, specific amount of time e.g. 3 min
Event sampling
Notes made everytime a specific behaviour occurs
World cafe method
participants discuss a topic in a small group at a table
Focus group
participants are asked Q in a group setting, they’re body language is also interpreted
Unstructured interview
A casual conversation between the researcher and the participant
Semi-structured interview
Researcher asks (open-ended) questions, but they can be asked in varying order, may add additional Q
Structured interview
List of (close-ended) questions in a specific order, quantitative data
Peak-end rule
Individuals recall past events based on positives and negatives, cognitive bias
Generalisability
The extent to which the findings can be applied to different settings, external validity, evaluated by the researcher
Transferability
Readers apply certain findings of the study in their life
