research methods Flashcards
Define ‘Ethical Guidelines’
Codes of practice that are designed to be followed as a guide by people involved in psychological research
What are 4 roles of the Ethics Committee?
- Review and monitor research proposals
- Ensure guidelines are met and adhered to before and during the conduct of research
- Decide whether there are similar studies
- Decide whether risk to participant welfare outweighs any benefit research would give society
Explain ‘Protection from harm’
Protect physical and psychological wellbeing e.g. debriefing study at the end
Explain ‘Informed consent’
If under 18, legal guardian must give written consent
Consent must include purpose, procedure, withdrawal rights, how and what info is stored, potential risks, what participant is required to do
Explain ‘Withdrawal rights’
Right of participant to end participation at any time, have their results removed at any time
Without pressure or penalty
Explain ‘Confidentiality’
Info stored in secure manner and disposed when no longer required.
HOW the information is stored
If participant wishes to share their study information, what do they need to do?
- Identify as ‘Participant X’
- Complete written consent
Explain ‘Privacy’
Only relevant information is to be used.
WHAT information is used.
Explain ‘Voluntary participation’
Choosing to participate without bribery or coercion. Cannot be at risk of failing course if do not take part.
Explain ‘Deception’
Lying about true nature of study so results are not affected.
If it causes risks to outweigh potential benefit, it should not be used
Explain ‘Debriefing’ and what MUST be included during debriefing.
Explanation at conclusion of study.
- Deception is described
- Reasons for deception
- Given oppurtunity to ask questions and express opinions
- Advised of provision for extra support
Define ‘Refinement’ in animal research
Minimise potential distress or pain in animals
Define ‘Reduction’ in animal research
More information from the same/less number of animals used.
Define ‘Replacement’ in animal research
Eliminate need for animal research
What are strengths of experimental research designs?
- Researchers control variable
- Cause and effect relationship
What are limitations of experimental research designs?
- Controlled environment = lacks realism and may impact participant behaviour
- Human error risk when controlling variables
What are strengths of non-experimental research designs?
- Natural observations = controlled setting doesn’t have to be created
- Allows research where IV manipulation is unethical
What are limitations of non-experimental research designs?
- No reliable casual connections
- No cause and effect
- Larger sample size is needed
Explain ‘Observational’ research design
Monitoring participants to study behaviour
What are the strengths of ‘Observational’ research design?
- Can be replicated by other researchers
- More likely to behave naturally
What are the limitations of ‘Observational’ research design?
- May change behaviour if aware of being observed
- Observer bias may occur
Explain ‘Case study’ research design and why it is applied to certain people.
In-depth investigation of an individual person, group, or single event
Cannot be repeated ethically as it caused _____ to participant (such as harm)
What are the strengths of ‘Case study’ research design?
- Detailed information
- Information is gathered from range of perspectives
What are the limitations of ‘Case study’ research design?
- Results cannot be generalised to the population the sample was taken from
- Limited conclusions due to lack of formal control groups
Explain ‘Correlational’ research design
Measures the linear relationship between two variables
What are the strengths of ‘Correlational’ research design?
- Potential hypothesis based on correlation can be tested using experimental design
- Can be used when manipulating variables in experimental research is unethical
What are the limitations of ‘Correlational’ research design?
- Correlations do not show how variables are related
- Extraneous variables are not controlled
Explain ‘Longitudinal’ research design?
Data collected more than once, using the same participants
What are the strengths of ‘Longitudinal’ design?
- Developmental trends can be studied over a lifetime
- Frequency, timing, or duration of events can be assessed
What are the limitations of ‘Longitudinal’ design?
- Takes longer time to get results than with cross-sectional
- Participants may drop out along the way
Explain ‘Cross-sectional’ research design
Data is collected at one point in time
What are the strengths of ‘Cross-sectional’ design?
- Quicker to conduct
- Costs less to conduct than longitudinal
What are the limitations of ‘Cross-sectional’ design?
- Results may differ if another time for collecting data was chosen
- Sample size may not be large enough to generalise results
Define ‘Population’
The entire group of people that is of interest to a researcher
Define ‘Sample’
Subsection of the population