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year 12 psychology > memory > Flashcards

memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Define ‘Sensation’

A

The detection of environmental stimuli by the sense organs and the conversion of sensory information to electrochemical energy

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2
Q

Name and describe the first step of the sensation process

A

Reception: Detection of sensory information in sense organs of body by sensory receptors

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3
Q

Give two examples of physical stimuli

A

Sound waves and light

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4
Q

Name and describe the second step of the sensation process

A

Transduction: Changing of sensory information into electrochemical energy

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4
Q

Name and describe the third step of the sensation process

A

Transmission: Movement of electrochemical energy from sensory receptors to the brain for interpreting

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5
Q

What are sensory organs?

A

Specialised organs in body containing sensory neurons functioning as sensory receptors

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6
Q

What are sensory receptors?

A

Specialised cells in body detecting sensory info

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7
Q

What is electrochemical energy?

A

The conversion of electrical energy to chemical energy or vice versa.

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8
Q

Define ‘Perception’

A

The mental representation that the brain creates using information detected by the senses

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9
Q

Outline the steps from sensation to perception

A

Reception, Transduction, Transmission, Selection, Organisation, Interpretation

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10
Q

Name and describe the first step of the perception process

A

Selection: Crucial features of information are selected for further processing and insignificant content is disregarded

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11
Q

Name and describe the second step of the perception process

A

Organisation: Selected information is categorised, allowing for arrangement of meaningful patterns

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12
Q

Name and describe the third step of the perception process

A

Interpretation: Meaning assigned to the groups of patterns

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13
Q

Explain the difference between sensation and perception processing

A

Sensation is the information that came from senses, Perception is interpreting the information from senses

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14
Q

Define ‘Selective Attention’

A

Process of concentrating on chosen stimuli while disregarding others

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15
Q

Define ‘Divided Attention’

A

Ability to concentrate on two or more stimuli simultaneously

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16
Q

What is the ‘Cocktail Party Effect’? (CPE)

A

Ability for an individual to be aware of multiple conversations occurring around them at the same time using divided attention, as well as using selective attention, where their focus is on one conversation and the rest are neglected.

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17
Q

What is the CPE an example of?

A

Selective attention

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18
Q

Who studied CPE and in what year?

A

Cherry, 1953

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19
Q

Name and describe the first process of memory

A

Storage: retention of information within the stores of memory

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20
Q

Name and describe the second process of memory

A

Retrieval: movement of information from the long-term store of memory to conscious awareness

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21
Q

Name and describe the third process of memory

A

Encoding: the form in which information is stored

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22
Q

Describe the ‘Multi-Store Model of Memory’

A

Information flows through three storage systems

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23
Q

What is sensory memory’s duration?

A

0.5-5 seconds
Almost instantaneous

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24
Q

What is sensory memory’s storage?

A

Unlimited

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25
Q

Describe the encoding of sensory memory

A

Visual and acoustic
Iconic: visual
Echoic: acoustic

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26
Q

Define and explain the two types of sensory memory

A

Iconic: visual information is sent to occipital lobe
Echoic: auditory information is sent to temporal lobe

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27
Q

What is short term memory’s duration?

A

15-30 seconds

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28
Q

What is short term memory’s storage?

A

Limited unless information is rehearsed, 5-9 pieces of information at a time

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29
Q

Describe the encoding of short term memory

A

Mainly acoustic

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30
Q

What is long term memory’s duration?

A

Relatively permanent

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31
Q

What is long term memory’s storage?

A

Unlimited

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32
Q

Describe the encoding of long term memory

A

Elaborative rehearsal: involves creating an association/link between the parks of the procedure.

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33
Q

What are the two divisions of long-term memory?

A

Explicit/Declarative: conscious, facts, events
Implicit/Procedural: unconscious, skills, tasks

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34
Q

What are the two divisions of Declarative memory?

A

Episodic: Past experiences
Semantic: Facts, concepts, information

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35
Q

What is the function of procedural memory?

A

The unconscious memory of how to perform an action

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36
Q

What is an example of procedural memory?

A

How to swim, how to ride a bike

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37
Q

What is the function of declarative memory?

A

The conscious memory of facts and experiences

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38
Q

In the ‘Working Model of Memory’, what controls the three slave systems?

A

Central Executive (coordinates and controls the information)

39
Q

Describe the phonological loop slave system

A

A component of the working memory model that temporarily stores and processes auditory information

40
Q

Describe the visio-spatial sketchpad slave system

A

A component of the working memory model that stores and manipulates visual and spatial information

41
Q

Describe the episodic buffer slave system

A

A component of the working memory model that temporarily stores consolidated information from the three slave systems

42
Q

What does the ‘Working Memory Model’ demonstrate?

A

Short term memory is a dynamic storage system capable of simultaneously holding multiple pieces of information

43
Q

Describe the role of the hippocampus in formation of memory

A

Formation of declarative memories

44
Q

Describe the role of the cerebellum in the formation of memories

A

Formation of procedural memories

45
Q

Describe the role of the amygdala in the formation of memories

A

Formation of memories associated with fear

46
Q

Define ‘Retrieval failure’

A

The inability to consciously recall information stored in long term store due to absence of retrieval cues that could trigger memory retrieval

47
Q

Define ‘Proactive interference’

A

Where previously stored information interferes with retrieval of new learning

48
Q

Define ‘Retroactive interference’

A

Where new information interferes with what has been previously stored

49
Q

Define ‘Motivated forgetting’

A

Intentional or unintentional suppression of memories or thoughts from conscious awareness to minimise emotional distress

50
Q

Define ‘Decay theory’

A

The fading of a memory over time. When a person encounters new information, a neurochemical memory trace is formed, and over time, this trace disintegrates leading to forgetting.

51
Q

Define ‘Recall’

A

Retrieving information from long term memory without the provision of cues to aid

52
Q

Define ‘Recognition’

A

Ability to identify previously stored information by matching stimuli to stored memories

53
Q

Define ‘Re-learning’

A

Reacquiring knowledge or skills that were previously learned but may have begun to decay over time

54
Q

Order the three roles of remembering from most to least sensitive

A

Re-learning, recognition, recall

55
Q

What is the forgetting curve?

A

A curve showing the relationship between how much information is lost from memory over time

56
Q

What is the role of the hippocampus in the storage of memories?

A

Memories are temporarily held in the hippocampus then moved to pre-frontal cortex

57
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum in the storage of memories?

A

Storage of procedural memories, specifically sensorimotor skills like cutting paper with scissors

58
Q

What is the role of the amygdala in the storage of memories?

A

Does not store memories, however it strengthens episodic memories stored in other regions of the brain

59
Q

Define ‘Maintenance rehearsal’

A

Use of rehearsal or repetition of information to retain it for immediate use

60
Q

Define ‘Elaborative rehearsal’

A

Use of strategies that associate material to be remembered with other retained information

61
Q

Define ‘Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)’

A

A progressive brain disease associated with repeated traumatic brain injuries that causes problems with cognition and memory

62
Q

How does CTE impact behaviour?

A

Confusion or disorientated due to memory loss

Easily agitated

63
Q

How does CTE impact emotion?

A

Experiencing apathy

Feelings of anger

64
Q

Define ‘Alzheimer’s disease’

A

A brain disease that involves the degeneration of neurons in regions of the brain that are involved in cognitive skills and memory formation and retrieval

65
Q

What are the three key features of Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid plaques, and neuron loss

66
Q

How does Alzheimer’s disease impact behaviour?

A

Lost or disorientated in situations

Easily agitated

67
Q

How does Alzheimer’s disease impact emotions?

A

Experiencing apathy

Feelings of anger

68
Q

Define ‘Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome (WKS)’

A

A rare neurological disorder caused by thiamine deficiency leading to the degeneration of brain cells and characterised by difficulties forming new memories and retrieving stored memories

69
Q

Define and explain the two stages of WKS

A
  1. Wernicke encephalopathy: severe yet reversible stage
  2. Korsakoff amnesic: chronic and irreversible stage
70
Q

How does WKS impact behaviour?

A

Repeating same questions or stories

Easily agitated

71
Q

How does WKS impact emotion?

A

Experiencing apathy

Feelings of anger

72
Q

Describe free recall

A

The retrieval of as much information as possible about a specific topic in any order

73
Q

What is an example of free recall?

A

Name the teachers that you remember from primary school

74
Q

Describe serial recall

A

The retrieval of information in the sequence that they occurred

75
Q

What is an example of serial recall?

A

List the order of planets in the solar system starting nearest the Sun

76
Q

Describe cued recall

A

Provided retrieval cues, prompts and hints to help with the retrieval of memory

77
Q

What is an example of cued recall?

A

Fill in the missing words within a sentence

78
Q

Describe the two types of encoding under shallow processing and what type of rehearsal is used

A

Structural: physical info based on appearance
Phonemic: auditory information

E.g. Brightness and loudness

Rehearsal: maintenance

79
Q

Outline the role of the hippocampus in the formation and storage of memory (4 mark question)

A

Assists with processing of episodic (declarative) memory (1), and spatial relationships (navigation) (1), also acts as a temporary store for short term memories (1), and transfers them into long term memory (1).

80
Q

Explain neurofibrillary tangles

A

Abnormal accumulations of tau protein within neurons of the brain.

Another high level protein is also beta-amyloid, they clump together alongside scar tissue from deteriorated neurons to form amyloid plaques

81
Q

Explain amyloid plaques

A

Accumulations of scar tissue formed by deteriorating neurons and clusters of beta-amyloid protein.

82
Q

What regions of the brain are neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid plaques, and neuron losses prevalent in?

A

Hippocampus and amygdala (regions associated with formation of new memories)

Cerebral cortex (area supporting remembering, reasoning, language processing)

83
Q

Explain atrophy (Alzheimers)

A

A decrease in size of a tissue or organ.

Becomes widespread by final stages of disease, leads to significant reduction in brain volume.

This leads to gaps/inability of neurons to pass signals.

84
Q

How does Alzheimer’s disease impact memory?

A

Taking longer to retrieve information

Inability to create new memories

85
Q

How does CTE impact memory?

A

Causes problems with cognition and memory

86
Q

How does WKS impact memory?

A

Difficulties forming new memories and retrieving stored memories

87
Q

Define ‘Neurological disorder’

A

A disorder of the nervous system affecting the brain, spinal cord and the neurons of the body.

88
Q

Define ‘Nervous system’

A

The system that produces and relays messages between the brain, spinal cord, and the network of neurons.

89
Q

Name and describe the structure that wastes away in individuals with WKS

A

Mammillary bodies

A pair of structures located on the side of the hypothalamus closest to the brainstem connected directly to the hippocampus and thalamus.

90
Q

What was the effect of HM’s memory after removal of hippocampus and provide one example of that effect (2 mark question)

A

Forgot daily events almost immediately (1), such as forgetting names of people he just met or underestimating his age. (1).

91
Q

What are the two types of motivated forgetting?

A

Psychological repression: subconscious and involuntary
Thought suppression: deliberate and conscious

92
Q
A
93
Q
A
94
Q
A

year 12 psychology (6 decks)

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