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Psychology > Research methods > Flashcards

Research methods Flashcards

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1
Q

Lab experiments

A

Conducted in a well controlled environment where accurate measurements are possible

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2
Q

Natural experiments

A

conducted in a real life setting but variables are naturally occurring

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3
Q

Field experiments

A

experiments done in a real life setting but the IV is still manipulated

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4
Q

Quasi experiment

A

The IV cannot be manipulated as there is predetermined groups eg age

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5
Q

Experiments

A

A research method where the independant variable is manipulated to see the impact on the dependant variable

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6
Q

Operationalised

A

Being precise and clear about what is being manipulates or measured. make it testable and repeatable

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7
Q

Extraneous variables

A

any variable not investigated that can potentially affect the studies outcome

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8
Q

Confounding variables

A

factors other than the IV that may cause a result, uncontrolled extranous variable

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9
Q

Experimental hypothesis

A

predicts what changes will take place in the dependent variable when the independent variable is manipulated

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10
Q

Null hypothesis

A

predicts nothing will happen and the IV will have no effect on DV , no relationship

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11
Q

Non-directional hypothesis (two tailed)

A

A hypothesis which states that changing the IV will have an effect on the DV but doesn’t say which direction (e there will be a difference)

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12
Q

Directional hypothesis (one tailed)

A

A hypothesis that predicts the IV will have an effect on the DV in a specific direction (eg posiitve affect/ more)

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13
Q

Independant group design

A

Participants take part in 1 condition, (affected by individual differences)

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14
Q

Matched Pairs design

A

Participants are matched in each condition, a characteristic that impacts dv: eg Age, Gender

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15
Q

Repeated measures design

A

Participants take part in both conditions in an experiment (affected by order effects)

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16
Q

Sample

A

small group we study taken from target pop

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17
Q

population

A

large group of people we are interested in studying

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18
Q

Target population

A

group of people whom the sample is drawn , findings can only apply to that group

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19
Q

Representative

A

a sample that matches the target population (in terms of characteristics)

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20
Q

Generalisable

A

how the study can be applied to other studies/situations

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21
Q

Random sampling

A

Every member of the target population has an equal chance of being selected

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22
Q

Opportunity sampling

A

consists of taking the sample from people who are available at the time , the study is carried out and fit the criteria you are looking for

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23
Q

Volunteer sampling

A

participants becoming part of a study because they volunteer when asked or in response to an advert

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24
Q

Systematic sampling

A

a predetermined system to select participants, e.g.every second
or third participant from the register

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25
Q

Stratified sampling

A

involves classifying the population into categories and then choosing a sample which consists of participants from each category in the same proportions as they are in the population

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26
Q

pilot study

A

small trial versions of an experiment to test their effectiveness and make improvements

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27
Q

counterbalancing

A

to counter order effects in repeated measures design

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28
Q

demand characteristics

A

participants pick up cues from the environment and change their behaviour

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29
Q

Investigator effects

A

Ques from the investigator change their behaviour

30
Q

Social desirability bias

A

Participants change their behaviour to fulfill the aims of the experiment

31
Q

Single blind technique

A

All participants dont know what they are doing/ the condition they are in

32
Q

Double blind tecnique

A

The participants and the investigator don’t know the conditions their in

33
Q

participant variables

A

individual differences between participants such as levels of intelligence, age , gender

34
Q

situational variables

A

outside influences on the experiment such as time of day, weather, noise, room

35
Q

experimenter variables

A

factors of how the experimenter may affect results

36
Q

standardisation

A

keeping everything the same for each participant, same procedure

37
Q

inter-observer reliability

A

there is consistency between multiple observers

38
Q

experimenter bias

A

my bias, experimenter can subs=consciously create bias

39
Q

reliability

A

measure of consistency of results and procedures

40
Q

external reliability

A

how consistent the procedure is overtime

40
Q

internal reliability

A

how consistent the measuring tool is

41
Q

Test- retest

A

participants conduct research in a different time, consistent results mean reliability

42
Q

split half

A

measures internal reliability , eg half the questions compared to other half

43
Q

validity

A

is the study and method measuring what it claims to measure

44
Q

face validity

A

Does it look like it measures what it claims to measure

45
Q

concurrent validity

A

only used when there’s a test e.g IQ, when scores of measuring instruments are compared to pre-established tests

46
Q

ecological validity

A

the results can be generalised to the real world

46
Q

temporal validity

A

reflective/valid outside the time setting it was conducted

47
Q

mundane realism

A

is the task reflective of a real world task

48
Q

internal validity

A

within itself

48
Q

external validity

A

overtime

49
Q

ethics

A

the moral code of behaviour

50
Q

BPS

A

British psychological society

51
Q

what are ethical issues

A

informed consent, deception, right to withdraw, protection from harm, confidentiality, privacy

52
Q

how can we deal with ethical issues

A

consent from next of kin, retrospective consent (after taking part), debriefing after, offering withdrawal , no names

53
Q

observation

A
54
Q

naturalistic observation

A
55
Q

controlled observation

A
56
Q

participant observation

A
57
Q

non-participant observation

A
58
Q

covert observation

A
59
Q

overt observation

A
60
Q

inter observer reliability

A
61
Q

behavioural categories

A
62
Q

objective

A
63
Q

time sampling

A
64
Q

event sampling

A
65
Q

correlation

A
66
Q

correlation co-efficient

A
67
Q

positive correlation

A
68
Q

negative correlation

A

Psychology (7 decks)

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