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Research methods Flashcards

1
Q

Lab experiments

A

Conducted in a well controlled environment where accurate measurements are possible

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2
Q

Natural experiments

A

conducted in a real life setting but variables are naturally occurring

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3
Q

Field experiments

A

experiments done in a real life setting but the IV is still manipulated

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4
Q

Quasi experiment

A

The IV cannot be manipulated as there is predetermined groups eg age

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5
Q

Experiments

A

A research method where the independant variable is manipulated to see the impact on the dependant variable

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6
Q

Operationalised

A

Being precise and clear about what is being manipulates or measured. make it testable and repeatable

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7
Q

Extraneous variables

A

any variable not investigated that can potentially affect the studies outcome

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8
Q

Confounding variables

A

factors other than the IV that may cause a result, uncontrolled extranous variable

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9
Q

Experimental hypothesis

A

predicts what changes will take place in the dependent variable when the independent variable is manipulated

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10
Q

Null hypothesis

A

predicts nothing will happen and the IV will have no effect on DV , no relationship

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11
Q

Non-directional hypothesis (two tailed)

A

A hypothesis which states that changing the IV will have an effect on the DV but doesn’t say which direction (e there will be a difference)

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12
Q

Directional hypothesis (one tailed)

A

A hypothesis that predicts the IV will have an effect on the DV in a specific direction (eg posiitve affect/ more)

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13
Q

Independant group design

A

Participants take part in 1 condition, (affected by individual differences)

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14
Q

Matched Pairs design

A

Participants are matched in each condition, a characteristic that impacts dv: eg Age, Gender

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15
Q

Repeated measures design

A

Participants take part in both conditions in an experiment (affected by order effects)

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16
Q

Sample

A

small group we study taken from target pop

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17
Q

population

A

large group of people we are interested in studying

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18
Q

Target population

A

group of people whom the sample is drawn , findings can only apply to that group

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19
Q

Representative

A

a sample that matches the target population (in terms of characteristics)

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20
Q

Generalisable

A

how the study can be applied to other studies/situations

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21
Q

Random sampling

A

Every member of the target population has an equal chance of being selected

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22
Q

Opportunity sampling

A

consists of taking the sample from people who are available at the time , the study is carried out and fit the criteria you are looking for

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23
Q

Volunteer sampling

A

participants becoming part of a study because they volunteer when asked or in response to an advert

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24
Q

Systematic sampling

A

a predetermined system to select participants, e.g.every second
or third participant from the register

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25
Stratified sampling
involves classifying the population into categories and then choosing a sample which consists of participants from each category in the same proportions as they are in the population
26
pilot study
small trial versions of an experiment to test their effectiveness and make improvements
27
counterbalancing
to counter order effects in repeated measures design
28
demand characteristics
participants pick up cues from the environment and change their behaviour
29
Investigator effects
Ques from the investigator change their behaviour
30
Social desirability bias
Participants change their behaviour to fulfill the aims of the experiment
31
Single blind technique
All participants dont know what they are doing/ the condition they are in
32
Double blind tecnique
The participants and the investigator don't know the conditions their in
33
participant variables
individual differences between participants such as levels of intelligence, age , gender
34
situational variables
outside influences on the experiment such as time of day, weather, noise, room
35
experimenter variables
factors of how the experimenter may affect results
36
standardisation
keeping everything the same for each participant, same procedure
37
inter-observer reliability
there is consistency between multiple observers
38
experimenter bias
my bias, experimenter can subs=consciously create bias
39
reliability
measure of consistency of results and procedures
40
external reliability
how consistent the procedure is overtime
41
internal reliability
how consistent the measuring tool is
42
Test- retest
participants conduct research in a different time, consistent results mean reliability
43
split half
measures internal reliability , eg half the questions compared to other half
44
validity
is the study and method measuring what it claims to measure
45
face validity
Does it look like it measures what it claims to measure
46
concurrent validity
only used when there's a test e.g IQ, when scores of measuring instruments are compared to pre-established tests
47
ecological validity
the results can be generalised to the real world
48
temporal validity
reflective/valid outside the time setting it was conducted
49
mundane realism
is the task reflective of a real world task
50
internal validity
within itself
51
external validity
overtime
52
ethics
the moral code of behaviour
53
BPS
British psychological society
54
what are ethical issues
informed consent, deception, right to withdraw, protection from harm, confidentiality, privacy
55
how can we deal with ethical issues
consent from next of kin, retrospective consent (after taking part), debriefing after, offering withdrawal , no names
56
observation
watching and recording people's behaviour
57
naturalistic observation
carried out in the natural environment of participants
58
controlled observation
carried out in a controlled setting (usually lab)
59
participant observation
observation made by someone who is also participating in the activity, objectivity affected
60
non-participant observation
Researchers do not become actively involved in the behaviour being studied
61
covert observation
participants are not aware they are being observed
62
overt observation
participants are aware they are being observed
63
inter observer reliability
consistency across observers
64
behavioural categories
specific and clearly defined actions that can be observed/recorded
65
objective
To not be influenced by feelings or inferences about behaviour, just recording
66
time sampling
Recording behaviours in a given time frame eg what someone does every 30 seconds, specific people
67
event sampling
Recording the number of times something happens, recording the whole group to look back
68
questionnaires
a written self-report technique where participants are given pre-set number of q's to answer
69
open questions
phrased in a way that allows participants to expand on their answer eg no yes or no
70
closed questions
phrased in a way that limits the participants answer to a set of pre determined answers eg ye or no
71
interviewer schedule
list of planned questions that an interviewer uses to guide the interview, ensuring questions are asked in a consistent order to make comparing responses easier
72
standardised
the process of making something consistent to ensure reliability and validity
73
structured interview
a method of data collection where the interviewer asks predetermined questions in a fixed order
74
unstructured interview
the interviewer has no fixed set of questions for a free flowing conversation
75
semi structured interview
mix of structured and unstructured list of questions but interviewer can go off and allow flow
76
correlation
research method that looks at association between co-variables
77
correlation co-efficient
A numerical value between -1 and 1 which tells us about the strength of a relationship between 2 variables
78
positive correlation
as one co-variable increases in score so does the other
79
negative correlation
as one co-variable increases, the other decreases

Psychology (7 decks)

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