Approaches & Psychodynamic Paper 2

Question 1

Empiricism

Answer 1

A method of gaining knowledge which relies on direct observation and testing

Question 2

Introspection

Answer 2

A systematic method used to study the mind by breaking up the conscious awareness into structures of thoughts, images, sensations

Question 3

Scientific Method

Answer 3

A means of acquiring knowledge through systematic and objective investigation, aim is discovering general laws

Question 4

objective

Answer 4

Researchers do not let preconceived ideas or biases influence the collection of their data

Question 5

Systematic

Answer 5

Experiments carried out in an orderly way, measurement and recording of empirical data carried out accurately with consideration for the influence of other factors on results

Question 6

Replicable

Answer 6

observations can be repeated by other researchers to determine whether the same results are obtained, if not replicable then they are not reliable and not accepted as universally true

Question 7

Psychodynamic approach

Answer 7

A perspective that describes the different forces (dynamics), most of which are unconscious, that operate on the mind and direct human behaviour and experience.

Question 8

The unconscious

Answer 8

the part of the mind that we are unaware of but which continues to direct much of our behaviour.

Question 9

Id

Answer 9

entirely unconscious, the id is made up of selfish aggressive instincts that demand immediate gratification.

Question 10

Ego

Answer 10

the ‘reality check’ that balances the conflicting demands of the id and the superego

Question 11

Superego

Answer 11

the moralistic part of our personality which represents the ideal self: how we ought to be.

Question 12

Defence mechanisms

Answer 12

unconscious strategies that the ego uses to manage the conflict between the id and the superego.

Question 13

Psychosexual stages

Answer 13

five developmental stage that all children pass through. At each stage there is a different conflict, the outcome of which determines future development.
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Question 14

Repression

Answer 14

Forcing a distressing memory out of the conscious mind

Question 15

Denial

Answer 15

When you completely reject the thought or feeling+ completely refuse to acknowledge reality

Question 16

Displacement

Answer 16

When you transfer feelings from true sources of distress to a substitute target

Question 17

Fixation

Answer 17

If a conflict happens in a Psychosexual stage a fixation affects personality

Question 18

penis envy

Answer 18

Girls realise they don’t have a penis and believe it was removed by their mother

Question 19

Oedipus complex

Answer 19

Boys desire for their mother and start to dislike their father

Question 20

Castration anxiety

Answer 20

Boys become worried their father will castrate him, and see him as a rival

Question 21

Electra complex

Answer 21

Girls desire their father and start ti dislike the mother