Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Milgram Study > Research methods > Flashcards

Research methods Flashcards

1
Q

Define experiments

A

An investigation that looks for a causal relationship where the IV is manipulated and responsible for the changes in the DV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define IV

A

IV is manipulated under 2 or more conditions and is expected to be responsible for changes in the DV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define DV

A

DV is what is measured and is expected to change under the influence of the IV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define experimental design

A

Participants are allocated to different levels of IV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define independent measures design

A

Where different groups of participants are used for each level of the IV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

2 Strengths & weaknesses of independent measures design

A

S - Different pps are used in each level of the IV, so no order effects
S - Reduces demand characteristics as pps get experiment once

W - Individual differences distort results in different levels of IV
W - Less effective when sample size is small as pps are hard to find

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define repeated measures design

A

Same group of participants are used for every level of the IV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Strengths & weaknesses of repeated measures design

A

S - Participant variables unlikely to distort results as all pps go thru each lvl of IV
S - Counterbalancing reduces order effects

W - Order effects can occur bc pps get bored/tired going through same exp task
W - Higher demand characteristics as pps are exposed to same exp task more than once

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define matched pairs design

A

An experimental design where participants are matched in pairs, and they are similar to each other. One member performs at a different level of IV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of matched pairs design

A

S - Reduced demand characteristics as pps see only one lvl of IV
S - No order effects as different pps are used for each lvl of IV

W - Similarity of pairs is limited making it hard to finding matching pps
W - Less gen as sample size may be small when matching pairs are limited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define laboratory experiment

A
  • IV, DV, strict controls
  • Looks for a causal relationship
  • Conducted in an unnaturalistic setting with participants in regard to their behavior performed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

2 strengths and 2 weaknesses of lab exp

A

S - High validity (more control of variables)
S - High reliability/replicability (standardized procedure)
W - Low eco validity
W - pps can respond to demand characteristics and change behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define field experiment

A
  • Looks for a causal relationship
  • IV is manipulated and expected to be responsible for changes in DV
  • Conducted in natural environment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

2 strengths and weaknesses of field exp

A

S - High eco validity
S - Reduced demand characteristics if pps are unaware about the study
W - Extraneous variables which can affect results of the study
W - Raise ethical concerns if pps don’t know they are a part of a study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define hypothesis

A

A testable statement based on the aims of the investigation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define alternative hypothesis

A

A testable statement predicting a difference in the DV based on the levels of the IV in an experiment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define two-tailed (non-directional) hypothesis

A
  • Only predicts the effect
  • Doesn’t predict the direction of the effect
    E.g:
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define one-tailed (directional) hypothesis

A

Predicts the direction of the effect
E.g:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Define null hypothesis

A

A testable statement saying that any difference is due to chance and not because of variables being studied

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define self-report

A

A research method that gathers data by asking participants to provide information about themselves
E.g. interviews or questionnaires

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Define questionnaire

A

A research method that uses written questions through pen and paper or online techniques to gather participants’ information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Define closed-ended questions

A

Participants only have a few stated options to choose from and they don’t have any opportunity to expand their responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Define open-ended questions

A

Participants give their detailed answers in their own words without any other choices given

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Define inter-rater reliability

A

This is when two researchers who produce qualitative data from interviews or questionnaires will produce the same records from the same raw data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of questionnaires

A

+ closed-ended questions provide quali data (easy to compare/analyze)
+ easy to work with averages/identify patterns
+ open-ended questions provide more detailed & in-depth responses

  • open-ended questions may lack inter-rater reliability (two researchers may interpret things differently)
  • lack of reliability (researchers may be inconsistent with their interpretations)
  • social desirability (pps can change responses or lie in questionnaires)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Define interviews

A

A research method that uses verbal questions asked directly like face-to-face or verbal communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Define structured interviews

A

An interview format where the questions are kept the same for every participant and the order is fixed
–> (consistency like researcher’s posture or tone of voice may be used to ensure that the procedure is further standardized)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Define unstructured interviews

A

An interview format where the questions that are asked depends on what the participant says, so questions for every participant may be different

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Define semi-structured interviews

A

An interview format that uses a fixed list of open-ended and closed-ended questions and the interviewer can add more questions if necessary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of interviews

A

+ open-ended questions produce more quali data (detailed, in-depth information)
+ comparisons and averages can be calculated in semi-structured interviews if necessary

  • social desirability bias (pps may lie)
  • interviews are time-consuming (takes long time to conduct and gather data)
  • researchers need to be careful not to be subjective and instead be objective
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Define subjectivity

A

This is an individual’s personal viewpoint which may be biased by their own opinions, beliefs, or feelings and interpretations can differ between researchers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Define objectivity

A

This is an unbiased viewpoint which is not biased by a person’s opinions, beliefs, or feelings so interpretations should be kept consistent between different researchers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Define case study

A

A research method where a single individual is studied in detail

34
Q

Define triangulation

A

When different research methods are used to study the same phenomenon

35
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of case studies

A

+ in-depth information can be gathered from just one individual
+ high validity from triangulation (wide variety of info can be gathered from participant and family members)

  • low validity (if researcher and participant develop a close relationship, this can make researcher subjective to pps responses)
  • lack of confidentiality (if the questions asked makes pps feel uncomfortable or intrudes their life, making it unethical)
36
Q

Define naturalistic observation

A

A study conducted in the participant’s natural environment without the interference of the researchers in the physical or social environment

37
Q

Define controlled observation

A

A study conducted where the researcher watches the participant in a situation where the social and physical environment is manipulated by the researcher

38
Q

Define unstructured observation

A

A study where the observer records the participant’s behavior without a predefined criteria

39
Q

Define structured observation

A

A study where the observer records the participant’s behavior according to a pre-established criteria

40
Q

Define behavioral categories

A

The activities recorded in an observation, and they should be operationalized

41
Q

Define inter-observer reliability

A

When two observers watching the same event produce the same records

42
Q

Define participant observer

A

When the observer watches from the perspective of being part of the social setting

43
Q

Define non-participant observer

A

When the observer doesn’t get involved in the situation being studied

44
Q

Define overt observation

A

When the role of the observer is obvious and visible to the participants

45
Q

Define covert observation

A

When the role of the observer is hidden and unknown to the participants

46
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of covert observation

A

+ High validity (pps don’t know they’re being observed)
+ Low social desirability (because observer is hidden, pps are less likely to act on social desirability)

  • Less validity & reliability (data collection is more difficult as observer has to watch participants from a distance and disguise their role)
  • no informed consent (pps don’t know they’re being observed)
47
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of observations

A

+ High eco validity (pps are more likely to behave naturally in a naturalistic environment)
+ Important behaviors are recorded in unstructured observation
+ high validity (pps don’t know they’re being recorded in covert observation)

  • Hard to collect all data accurately in all activities in unstructured observations
  • Ethical deception/no informed consent (pps may be uncomfortable without knowing they’re being observed)
  • High social desirability in overt observations (pps change their behavior as they know they’re being watched)
48
Q

Define co-variables

A

Two measured variables in a correlation

49
Q

Define correlation

A

A research method that looks for a relationship between two measured variables where a change in one variable is related to a change in the other variable

50
Q

Define causal relationship

A

A link between two variables where a change in one variable causes a change in the other variable

51
Q

Positive correlation

A

A relationship between two variables where both variables increase together

52
Q

Negative correlation

A

A relationship between two variables where an increase in one variable is accompanied by a decrease in the other

53
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of correlations

A

+ high reliability (if measures of both variables are consistent)
+ Useful (correlations don’t need any manipulation, so can be used when it’s not practical or ethical to conduct experiments)

54
Q

Define longitudinal studies

A

A research method that follows participants over a long period of time to look at changes in variables due to experiences (like interventions, drugs)

55
Q

Define cross-sectional study

A

Compares people at different ages or stages by comparing different groups of participants at one point in time

56
Q

Define cohort

A

A group of participants that are selected at the same age or stage

57
Q

Define longitudinal design

A

An experimental design where the same participants are tested on two or more occasions over a long time

58
Q

Define situational variable

A

A confounding variable caused by the aspect of the environment

59
Q

Define confounding variables

A

Extraneous factors that interfere with the relationship between the experimenter’s IV and DV

60
Q

Define sample attrition

A

This is the loss of participants from the sample overtime due to reasons like boredom, desire to discontinue, death, etc

61
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of longitudinal studies

A

+ High validity (same pps are retested overtime, so researchers can ensure any changes in pps isn’t due to pps variables)
+ Data can be collected and analysed as researchers look at pps over long time

  • Sample attrition
  • Sample attrition leads to low gen (makes study less representative of other populations)
  • low reliability (some variables may be introduced or change, leads to low reliability)
  • time consuming
62
Q

Define opportunity sampling

A

Where participants are chosen because they’re available

63
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of opportunity sampling

A

+ Quick and easy to select participants as they’re readily available

  • Low gen (sample may be less representative as the variety of pps available is likely to be limited)
64
Q

Define volunteer sampling

A

Where participants are invited to participate and willingly take part in the study (like through e-mails/advertisements)

65
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of volunteer sampling

A

+ Quick and convenient as pps come to the researcher

  • Low gen (sample may not be representative as pps who respond may be similar e.g: they all have free time)
66
Q

Define random sampling

A

Sampling all members of the population where they’re selected in an unbiased way (like randomly selecting paper names/numbers out of a hat)

67
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of random sampling

A

+ High (likely to be more representative as a variety of pps in population are likely to be chosen)

  • In reality, sample can be low in gen (pps in sample may not be equally chosen as not all pps are accessible)
68
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of quantitative data

A

+ objective measures are used
+ easy to compare and analyze data
+ high reliability (scales and questions used)

  • low validity (data collection methods limit response choices)
69
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of qualitative data

A

+ High validity (pps can express their opinions, feelings freely/aren’t limited to a few choices)

  • Data is subjective (researcher’s interpretations may differ and be biased to their own feelings/opinions)
  • Less gen (if detailed information is only gathered for one or few pps)
70
Q

What’s a bar chart?

A

A graph used for data to show separate categories and total or average scores

71
Q

What are histograms?

A

A graph used to display continuous data

72
Q

What are scatter graphs?

A

A graph that displays data from a correlational study

73
Q

State ethical guidelines of human participants

A
  • privacy
  • confidentiality
  • protection from physical/psychological harm
  • valid consent
  • right to withdraw
  • lack of deception
  • debriefing
74
Q

State ethical guidelines of animal participants

A
  • housing
  • pain/suffering
  • rewards, deprivation & aversive stimuli
  • species
  • replacement
  • no. of animals
75
Q

Define species guideline

A

The chosen species should be the one to least likely suffer pain

76
Q

Define no. of animals guideline

A

No. of animals should be kept at a minimum to ensure the study is high in reliability and validity

77
Q

Define pain/suffering guideline

A

Physiological and psychological pain should be avoided in animals like distress, injury, or diseases

78
Q

Define housing guideline

A

Overcrowding or isolation can be distressing to animals depending on their social behavior

  • Isolation: more socially behaving animals will feel distresses in an isolated environment
  • Overcrowding: Too many animals around can cause distress and aggression which can lead to physical harm
79
Q

Define reward/deprivation guideline

A
  • Deprivation is removing resources that are important to the anima
  • Animals’ needs such as food and water should be considered before the study as they shouldn’t be deprived of necessities
80
Q

Define test-retest procedure

A

This measures the consistency of a task where the test is used twice and if the participants’ two sets of scores are similar, then it’s high in reliability

Milgram Study (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions