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Psychology - Paper 2 > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 types of experimental methods?

A
  • Labatory
  • Quasi
  • Natural
  • Field
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2
Q

What are the 3 types of experimental designs?

A
  • Matched pairs
  • Independant
  • Repeated measures
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3
Q

What are 4 issues when making an experiment?

A
  • Confounding variables
  • Extraneous variables
  • Demand characteristics
  • Investigator effects
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4
Q

What are the 5 sample types? ROSSV

A
  • Random
  • Opportunity
  • Systematic
  • Stratified
  • Volunteer
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5
Q

What are 2 ways to limit research issues?

A
  • Randomisation
  • Standardisation
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6
Q

What are 4 key ethical issues?

A
  • Informed consent
  • Protection from harm
  • Deception
  • Privacy and confidentiality
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7
Q

What is the aim of a pilot study?

A

To identify whether they need any modifications to the design.

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8
Q

What is a pilot study?

A

A small-scale investigation conducted before the research

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9
Q

What is the difference between a covert and overt observation?

A

Covert means that participants are unaware they are being observed whilst overt know they are being watched and have given informed consent before hand.

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10
Q

What is the difference between a naturalistic and controlled observation?

A

Naturalistic refers to observing behaviour in a setting that it would normally occur in whilst controlled is in a structured environment.

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11
Q

What is the difference between a participant and non-participant observation?

A

Participant becomes part of the group that they are observing whilst non-participant is when they observe from a far.

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12
Q

What are the three types of interviews?

A
  • Structured
  • Unstructured
  • Semi-structured
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13
Q

What are the three types of questionnaire designs?

A
  • Likert scales
  • Rating scales
  • Fixed-choice option
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14
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary data?

A

Primary data is first hand specifically for the research study whilst secondary data has been collected from an external source.

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15
Q

What are 3 measures of central tendency?

A
  • Mean
  • Median
  • Mode
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16
Q

What are 2 measures of dispersion?

A
  • Range
  • Standard deviation
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17
Q

What is standard deviation?

A

A single score that tells us how far scores deviate from the mean

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18
Q

What is test-retest

A

Giving the same test to the same person but on a different occasion

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19
Q

What are the 3 types of data?

A

Nominal, Ordinal, Interval

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20
Q

What are the 3 types of designs in statistical testing?

A

Unrelated, related, Association

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21
Q

What are the types of tests in order for statistical testing?

(Carrots should come mashed with sausages under roast potatoes)

A

Chi- squared
Sign test
Chi - squared
Mann Whitney
Spearmans
Unrelated
Related
Pearsons

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22
Q

Carrots should come mashed with sausages under roast potatoes

A

Chi- squared
Sign test
Chi - squared
Mann Whitney
Wilcoxon
Spearmans
Unrelated
Related
Pearsons

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23
Q

What is the acronym for statistical testing?

A

Carrots should come mashed with sausages under roast potatoes

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24
Q

What is temporal validity?

A

Whether the findings of a particular theory hold true overtime

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25
Q

What are the 3 types of graphing?

A

Bar, Histogram and Scattergram

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26
Q

What are 2 strengths and a limitations of using secondary data?

A

Strength
- Inexpensive
- Easy access

Limitation
- out of data information
- False information

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27
Q

What are 2 strength of using correlations?

A

Can study relationships between variables that occur naturally

Relatively quick and economical to carry out

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28
Q

What are 2 strengths and a limitations of using Primary data?

A

Strengths
- Authenticity
- Fits the job

Limitations
- Time consuming to collect
- More effort and potentially more costly

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29
Q

What are 2 limitations of using correlations?

A

Can only tell us how but not why there is this pattern

There may also be another untested variable involved (intervening variable)

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30
Q

what are 3 key things needed to write good questions for a questionnaire?

A

Avoid overuse of jargon
Emotive language / Leading questions
Double negative questions

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31
Q

What are 2 strength of a structured interview?

A

Easy to replicate
Limits investigator effects

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32
Q

What are 2 limitation of an unstructured interview?

A

More chance of investigator bias
Lots of unnecessary information to sort through (Time-consuming)

32
Q

What is a strength of an unstructured interview?

A

More flexible with follow up questions (More info discovered)

33
Q

What are 2 limitation of a structured interview?

A

Limits richness in data
Limit unexpected information

34
Q

What are 4 strength of a questionnaire?

A
  • Cost effective
  • Quick to occur (investigator does not need to be present)
  • Information straight to analyse
  • Easy to form graphs and charts from
35
Q

What are the 2 limitations of questionnaires?

A
  • Demand characteristic - Social desirability bias
  • Acquiescence bias
36
Q

What does the term ‘Acquiescence bias’ mean?

A

Just continuously agreeing/disagreeing on the terms of the questionnaire regardless of the question.

37
Q

What does the term ‘Social desirability bias’ mean?

A

Responders may not always tell the truth because they would rather appear in a positive light therefore changing their answers

38
Q

what does it mean by objectivity?

A

minimalisation of any personal bias so that it doesnt influence/distort the research process

39
Q

RPTFO

What are the five features of science?

A
  • Replicability
  • Paradigms
  • Theory construction
  • Falsibility
  • Objectivity and the Empirical method
40
Q

What is a paradigm?

A

A set of shared assumptions and agreed methods within a scientific discipline

41
Q

What is a paradigm shift?

A

Scientific revolution that results in a significant shift in beliefs.

42
Q

Name a type of external validity?

A

Ecological validity

43
Q

What is ecological validity?

A

Generalising findings from a study to other settings (real-life applications in every day life)

44
Q

What is face validity?

A

Measuring ‘on the face of it’

45
Q

What is a concurrent validity?

A

When results of a study closely match another recognised/well-established test.

46
Q

What are 2 ways of assessing reliability?

A

Test-retest
Inter-observer reliability

47
Q

What does it mean by Inter-observer reliability?

A

The extent to which at least 2 observers are in agreement of a studies results.

48
Q

What is the way to improve reliability within questionnaires?

A

The test retest method

49
Q

What is the way to improve reliability within interviews?

A

Use the same interviewer each time
keep them trained to avoid leading questions
structured interview to avoid bias

50
Q

What is the way to improve reliability within observations?

A

Operationalise the behaviour categories

51
Q

What is the way to improve reliability within experiments?

A

standardisation

52
Q

What are the 3 main aims of peer review?
(FAV)

A

Funding allocation
Validate the quality/relevance of the research
Amendments suggestions

53
Q

What are the 3 evaluation points on peer review?

A
  • Anonymity (can be used negatively due to rivalry)
  • Publication bias
  • Personal peer biases
54
Q

What are the 2 implications of psychology in the economy?

A

Attachment research into the role of the father
Development of treatments for mental disorders

55
Q

What are the 2 types of distributions?

A

Normal and skewed

56
Q

What shape is a normal distribution?

A

A bell shaped curve

57
Q

What shape is a skewed distribution?

A

Distributions that lean to one side more than the other

58
Q

What is a strength of using correlations?

A
  • Often used as a starting point to assess patterns
  • Quick to carry out
59
Q

What is a limitation of using correlations?

A
  • Does not demonstrate the ‘cause and effect’
  • External variables
60
Q

What are 3 issues with observational designs?

A
  • Ways of recording data
  • Behavioural categories
  • Sampling methods
61
Q

What is the difference between event and time sampling?

A

Event is how often a particular behaviour occurs in a person/group
Time is how many times a behaviour occurs in a time frame

62
Q

Type 1 error meaning?

A

When the Null hypothesis is rejected and alternative hypothesis is accepted

63
Q

Type 2 error meaning?

A

When the null hypothesis is accepted and alternative hypothesis is rejected

64
Q

What is a null hypothesis?

A

Suggests that there is no difference

65
Q

What is an alternative hypothesis?

A

Suggests the hypothesis is either directional or non-directional

66
Q

When do we use a one tailed test?

A

When hypothesis is directional

67
Q

When do we use a two tailed test?

A

when hypothesis is non-directional

68
Q

What is content-analysis?

A

A type of observational research where people are indirectly studied via the communications they have produced

69
Q

What is thematic analysis?

A

A type of content analysis where you identify the themes/recurrent patterns

70
Q

What is a strength and limitation of content-analysis?

A

Strength -Can circumnavigate many ethical issues associated with psychological research
No permission needed so high external validity
Produced both types of data depending on research aims

Limitation - As it is indirect, communications are analysed outside the context within which occurred.
also lack of objective validity

71
Q

6 features of a scientific report?

A

Abstract
Introduction
Method
Results
Discussion
Referencing

72
Q

Whos research does not have falsibility?

A

Freud

73
Q

What are the 2 economic implications?

A

Employment and NHS

74
Q

What are the 2 measure of dispersion?

A

Range and standard deviation

75
Q

What are strengths of covert observations?

A

Removes demand characteristics allowing an increase in validity

76
Q

What is a weakness of covert observations?

A

Ethics, rights to privacy

77
Q

What are strengths of naturalistic observations?

A

High external ability, can be generalised to real world settings.

Psychology - Paper 2 (3 decks)

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