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Psychology - Paper 2 > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 types of experimental methods?

A
  • Labatory
  • Quasi
  • Natural
  • Field
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2
Q

What are the 3 types of experimental designs?

A
  • Matched pairs
  • Independant
  • Repeated measures
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3
Q

What are 4 issues when making an experiment?

A
  • Confounding variables
  • Extraneous variables
  • Demand characteristics
  • Investigator effects
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4
Q

What are the 5 sample types? ROSSV

A
  • Random
  • Opportunity
  • Systematic
  • Stratified
  • Volunteer
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5
Q

What are 2 ways to limit research issues?

A
  • Randomisation
  • Standardisation
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6
Q

What are 4 key ethical issues?

A
  • Informed consent
  • Protection from harm
  • Deception
  • Privacy and confidentiality
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7
Q

What is the aim of a pilot study?

A

To identify whether they need any modifications to the design.

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8
Q

What is a pilot study?

A

A small-scale investigation conducted before the research

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9
Q

What is the difference between a covert and overt observation?

A

Covert means that participants are unaware they are being observed whilst overt know they are being watched and have given informed consent before hand.

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10
Q

What is the difference between a naturalistic and controlled observation?

A

Naturalistic refers to observing behaviour in a setting that it would normally occur in whilst controlled is in a structured environment.

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11
Q

What is the difference between a participant and non-participant observation?

A

Participant becomes part of the group that they are observing whilst non-participant is when they observe from a far.

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12
Q

What are the three types of interviews?

A
  • Structured
  • Unstructured
  • Semi-structured
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13
Q

What are the three types of questionnaire designs?

A
  • Likert scales
  • Rating scales
  • Fixed-choice option
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14
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary data?

A

Primary data is first hand specifically for the research study whilst secondary data has been collected from an external source.

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15
Q

What are 3 measures of central tendency?

A
  • Mean
  • Median
  • Mode
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16
Q

What are 2 measures of dispersion?

A
  • Range
  • Standard deviation
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17
Q

What is standard deviation?

A

A single score that tells us how far scores deviate from the mean

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18
Q

What is test-retest

A

Giving the same test to the same person but on a different occasion

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19
Q

What are the 3 types of data?

A

Nominal, Ordinal, Interval

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20
Q

What are the 3 types of designs in statistical testing?

A

Unrelated, related, Association

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21
Q

What are the types of tests in order for statistical testing?

(Carrots should come mashed with sausages under roast potatoes)

A

Chi- squared
Sign test
Chi - squared
Mann Whitney
Spearmans
Unrelated
Related
Pearsons

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22
Q

Carrots should come mashed with sausages under roast potatoes

A

Chi- squared
Sign test
Chi - squared
Mann Whitney
Wilcoxon
Spearmans
Unrelated
Related
Pearsons

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23
Q

What is the acronym for statistical testing?

A

Carrots should come mashed with sausages under roast potatoes

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24
Q

What is temporal validity?

A

Whether the findings of a particular theory hold true overtime

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25
What are the 3 types of graphing?
Bar, Histogram and Scattergram
26
What are 2 strengths and a limitations of using secondary data?
Strength - Inexpensive - Easy access Limitation - out of data information - False information
27
What are 2 strength of using correlations?
Can study relationships between variables that occur naturally Relatively quick and economical to carry out
28
What are 2 strengths and a limitations of using Primary data?
Strengths - Authenticity - Fits the job Limitations - Time consuming to collect - More effort and potentially more costly
29
What are 2 limitations of using correlations?
Can only tell us how but not why there is this pattern There may also be another untested variable involved (intervening variable)
30
what are 3 key things needed to write good questions for a questionnaire?
Avoid overuse of jargon Emotive language / Leading questions Double negative questions
31
What are 2 strength of a structured interview?
Easy to replicate Limits investigator effects
32
What are 2 limitation of an unstructured interview?
More chance of investigator bias Lots of unnecessary information to sort through (Time-consuming)
32
What is a strength of an unstructured interview?
More flexible with follow up questions (More info discovered)
33
What are 2 limitation of a structured interview?
Limits richness in data Limit unexpected information
34
What are 4 strength of a questionnaire?
- Cost effective - Quick to occur (investigator does not need to be present) - Information straight to analyse - Easy to form graphs and charts from
35
What are the 2 limitations of questionnaires?
- Demand characteristic - Social desirability bias - Acquiescence bias
36
What does the term 'Acquiescence bias' mean?
Just continuously agreeing/disagreeing on the terms of the questionnaire regardless of the question.
37
What does the term 'Social desirability bias' mean?
Responders may not always tell the truth because they would rather appear in a positive light therefore changing their answers
38
what does it mean by objectivity?
minimalisation of any personal bias so that it doesnt influence/distort the research process
39
# RPTFO What are the five features of science?
- Replicability - Paradigms - Theory construction - Falsibility - Objectivity and the Empirical method
40
What is a paradigm?
A set of shared assumptions and agreed methods within a scientific discipline
41
What is a paradigm shift?
Scientific revolution that results in a significant shift in beliefs.
42
Name a type of external validity?
Ecological validity
43
What is ecological validity?
Generalising findings from a study to other settings (real-life applications in every day life)
44
What is face validity?
Measuring 'on the face of it'
45
What is a concurrent validity?
When results of a study closely match another recognised/well-established test.
46
What are 2 ways of assessing reliability?
Test-retest Inter-observer reliability
47
What does it mean by Inter-observer reliability?
The extent to which at least 2 observers are in agreement of a studies results.
48
What is the way to improve reliability within questionnaires?
The test retest method
49
What is the way to improve reliability within interviews?
Use the same interviewer each time keep them trained to avoid leading questions structured interview to avoid bias
50
What is the way to improve reliability within observations?
Operationalise the behaviour categories
51
What is the way to improve reliability within experiments?
standardisation
52
What are the 3 main aims of peer review? (FAV)
Funding allocation Validate the quality/relevance of the research Amendments suggestions
53
What are the 3 evaluation points on peer review?
- Anonymity (can be used negatively due to rivalry) - Publication bias - Personal peer biases
54
What are the 2 implications of psychology in the economy?
Attachment research into the role of the father Development of treatments for mental disorders
55
What are the 2 types of distributions?
Normal and skewed
56
What shape is a normal distribution?
A bell shaped curve
57
What shape is a skewed distribution?
Distributions that lean to one side more than the other
58
What is a strength of using correlations?
- Often used as a starting point to assess patterns - Quick to carry out
59
What is a limitation of using correlations?
- Does not demonstrate the 'cause and effect' - External variables
60
What are 3 issues with observational designs?
- Ways of recording data - Behavioural categories - Sampling methods
61
What is the difference between event and time sampling?
Event is how often a particular behaviour occurs in a person/group Time is how many times a behaviour occurs in a time frame
62
Type 1 error meaning?
When the Null hypothesis is rejected and alternative hypothesis is accepted
63
Type 2 error meaning?
When the null hypothesis is accepted and alternative hypothesis is rejected
64
What is a null hypothesis?
Suggests that there is no difference
65
What is an alternative hypothesis?
Suggests the hypothesis is either directional or non-directional
66
When do we use a one tailed test?
When hypothesis is directional
67
When do we use a two tailed test?
when hypothesis is non-directional
68
What is content-analysis?
A type of observational research where people are indirectly studied via the communications they have produced
69
What is thematic analysis?
A type of content analysis where you identify the themes/recurrent patterns
70
What is a strength and limitation of content-analysis?
Strength -Can circumnavigate many ethical issues associated with psychological research No permission needed so high external validity Produced both types of data depending on research aims Limitation - As it is indirect, communications are analysed outside the context within which occurred. also lack of objective validity
71
6 features of a scientific report?
Abstract Introduction Method Results Discussion Referencing
72
Whos research does not have falsibility?
Freud
73
What are the 2 economic implications?
Employment and NHS
74
What are the 2 measure of dispersion?
Range and standard deviation
75
What are strengths of covert observations?
Removes demand characteristics allowing an increase in validity
76
What is a weakness of covert observations?
Ethics, rights to privacy
77
What are strengths of naturalistic observations?
High external ability, can be generalised to real world settings.
78
What is content analysis?
A method of quantifying qualitative content vie categorisation/coding
79
What is ecological validity?
How far findings from a study can be related to another setting
80
What is the best way to incooperate validity into a questionnaire? (2)
Lie scale/detector Assure participants of anonymity
81
What goes 1st in a reference?
Author (surname first)
82
What goes 2nd in a reference?
Year
83
What goes 3rd in a reference?
Book name
84
What goes 4th in a reference?
Location
85
Define validity
Th extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure and the extent to which findings can be generalised
86
Define internal validity
The extent to which findings are due to the manipulation of the IV The extent to which the researched has measured what they intended to measure
87
Define external validity
The extent to which an observed effect can be generlaised
88
2 types of internal validity
Face and concurrent
89
2 types of external validity
Ecological and temporal
90
3 ways to improve internal validity
Pilot studies Single blind techniques Double blind techniques
91
What is the purpose of peer review?
Ensure high quality and relevant research Ensure accuracy in findings To evaluate proposed designs for research findings
92
List 4 parts of the peer review process
Independent scrutiny by other researchers in the same field Make revisions and ask for re-submits Research proposals are submitted to a panel and assessed for merit Editors make final decision on whether to accept or reject a research report based on the reviewers comments
93
What 3 factors are considered in peer review
Validity, significance, originality

Psychology - Paper 2 (3 decks)

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