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Psychology - Paper 2 > Approaches > Flashcards

Approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 4 mediational processes is SLT?

A
  • Attention
  • Retention
  • Motor reproduction
  • Motivation
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2
Q

What is vicarious reinforcement?

A

Indirect reinforcement through observation of someone elses behaviour and its consequences.

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3
Q

what type of conditioning is SLT?

A

Classical and Operant conditioning

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4
Q

What are two assumptions of SLT?

A
  • Behaviour is learnt through observation and imitation
  • Behaviour can be learnt indirectly through vicarious reinforcement
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5
Q

what are two assumptions of the behaviourist approach?

A
  • All behaviour is learnt (Tabula Rasa)
  • The basic procedure that governs learning is the same for all species
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6
Q

What is the two types of conditioning in the behaviourist approach?

A

Classical and operant conditioning

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7
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Learning through association

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8
Q

What is Operant conditioning?

A

Learning is an active process that comes in the form of reinforcements

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9
Q

Explain how Pavlov’s dogs experienced classical conditioned

A

Before conditioning:
- Bell (Neutral stimulus) = No response
- Food (Unconditioned stimulus) - Salivating response

During conditioning
- Bell + Food (Conditioned stimulus) = Salivation

After conditioning
- Bell + Food (Conditioned stimulus) = Salivation (Conditioned response)

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10
Q

What are the 3 reinforcement types in operant conditioning?

A
  • Negative reinforcement
  • Positive reinforcement
  • Punishment
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11
Q

What are two assumptions of the biological approach?

A
  • Humans are biological organisms
  • To understand human behaviour we must look at biological structures
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12
Q

What is the cognitive approach?

A

The idea that internal mental processes can and should be scientifically studied

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13
Q

What is a schema in the cognitive approach?

A

Schemas are packages of ideas and information developed through experiences

Beliefs and expectations

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14
Q

What are two strengths of the cognitive approach?

A

real world applications, contributions to the field of AI and robotics as it is the dominant approach in psychology today

Objective scientific methods, high controlled lab studies

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15
Q

What is a limitation of the cognitive approach?

A

Machine reductionism,
Ignores the influence of human emotion, research shows that emotions like anxiety impact memory for eyewitnesses

Weakens the validity of the approach

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16
Q

What is a strength of the psychodynamic approach?

A

real - life applications
The idea of psychotherapy for psychoanalysis
To treat mental disorders, opened doors to ideas like ‘talking therapies’ like counselling.

Formed new ideas for treatments

17
Q

What are 2 weaknesses of the psychodynamic approach?

A
  • Inappropriate and harmful for serious mental disorders, schizophrenia
  • Untestable concepts, everything occurs at an unconscious level
    Freuds theory was pseudoscientific rather than an established fact
18
Q

What happened to Little Hans?

A

5 year old boy with fear of horses after seeing one collapse in the street

Freud suggested that this was fear being displaced, his repressed fear of his father onto horses

horses were symbolic of his unconscious fear of castration

19
Q

What are the three defense mechanism in the psychdynamic approach?

A

Repression, denial, displacement

20
Q

What are the 5 psychosexual stages?
OAPLG

A

Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital

21
Q

What are the 5 stages in Maslows hierarchy of needs?

A

Physiological needs
Safety and security
Love and belonging
Self-esteem
Self-Actualisation

22
Q

What are 2 strengths of the humanistic approach?

A
  • Hollistic
    non reductionist
  • Positive approach
    People are good and work towards self - actualisation and being good
23
Q

What are the ages of the psychosexual stages?

A

0-1
1-3
3-6

Latency
Genital

24
Q

What is the role of the latency stage in the psychosexual stages?

A

This is where earlier conflicts have been repressed

25
Q

What is the role of the oral stage in the psychosexual stages?

A

Mouth pleasure

If unresolved leads to oral fixation
smoking, nail biting

26
Q

What is the role of the anal stage in the psychosexual stages?

A

Anus pleasure
Enjoys holding and expelling faecies

27
Q

What are the 2 consequences of unresolving the anal stage?

A

Anal - retentive = perfectionist
Anal - expulsive - messy

28
Q

What is the role of the phallic stage in the psychosexual stages?

A

genital pleasure

unresolved leads to phallic personality - narcissistic

Psychology - Paper 2 (3 decks)

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