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Psychology - Paper 2 > Approaches > Flashcards

Approaches Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 mediational processes is SLT?

A
  • Attention
  • Retention
  • Motor reproduction
  • Motivation
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2
Q

What is vicarious reinforcement?

A

Indirect reinforcement through observation of someone elses behaviour and its consequences.

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3
Q

what type of conditioning is SLT?

A

Classical and Operant conditioning

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4
Q

What are two assumptions of SLT?

A
  • Behaviour is learnt through observation and imitation
  • Behaviour can be learnt indirectly through vicarious reinforcement
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5
Q

what are two assumptions of the behaviourist approach?

A
  • All behaviour is learnt (Tabula Rasa)
  • The basic procedure that governs learning is the same for all species
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6
Q

What is the two types of conditioning in the behaviourist approach?

A

Classical and operant conditioning

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7
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Learning through association

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8
Q

What is Operant conditioning?

A

Learning is an active process that comes in the form of reinforcements

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9
Q

Explain how Pavlov’s dogs experienced classical conditioned

A

Before conditioning:
- Bell (Neutral stimulus) = No response
- Food (Unconditioned stimulus) - Salivating response

During conditioning
- Bell + Food (Conditioned stimulus) = Salivation

After conditioning
- Bell + Food (Conditioned stimulus) = Salivation (Conditioned response)

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10
Q

What are the 3 reinforcement types in operant conditioning?

A
  • Negative reinforcement
  • Positive reinforcement
  • Punishment
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11
Q

What are two assumptions of the biological approach?

A
  • Humans are biological organisms
  • To understand human behaviour we must look at biological structures
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12
Q

What is the cognitive approach?

A

The idea that internal mental processes can and should be scientifically studied

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13
Q

What is a schema in the cognitive approach?

A

Schemas are packages of ideas and information developed through experiences

Beliefs and expectations

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14
Q

What are two strengths of the cognitive approach?

A

real world applications, contributions to the field of AI and robotics as it is the dominant approach in psychology today

Objective scientific methods, high controlled lab studies

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15
Q

What is a limitation of the cognitive approach?

A

Machine reductionism,
Ignores the influence of human emotion, research shows that emotions like anxiety impact memory for eyewitnesses

Weakens the validity of the approach

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16
Q

What is a strength of the psychodynamic approach?

A

real - life applications
The idea of psychotherapy for psychoanalysis
To treat mental disorders, opened doors to ideas like ‘talking therapies’ like counselling.

Formed new ideas for treatments

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17
Q

What are 2 weaknesses of the psychodynamic approach?

A
  • Inappropriate and harmful for serious mental disorders, schizophrenia
  • Untestable concepts, everything occurs at an unconscious level
    Freuds theory was pseudoscientific rather than an established fact
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18
Q

What happened to Little Hans?

A

5 year old boy with fear of horses after seeing one collapse in the street

Freud suggested that this was fear being displaced, his repressed fear of his father onto horses

horses were symbolic of his unconscious fear of castration

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19
Q

What are the three defense mechanism in the psychdynamic approach?

A

Repression, denial, displacement

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20
Q

What are the 5 psychosexual stages?
OAPLG

A

Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital

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21
Q

What are the 5 stages in Maslows hierarchy of needs?

A

Physiological needs
Safety and security
Love and belonging
Self-esteem
Self-Actualisation

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22
Q

What are 2 strengths of the humanistic approach?

A
  • Hollistic
    non reductionist
  • Positive approach
    People are good and work towards self - actualisation and being good
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23
Q

What are the ages of the psychosexual stages?

A

0-1
1-3
3-6

Latency
Genital

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24
Q

What is the role of the latency stage in the psychosexual stages?

A

This is where earlier conflicts have been repressed

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25
What is the role of the oral stage in the psychosexual stages?
Mouth pleasure If unresolved leads to oral fixation smoking, nail biting
26
What is the role of the anal stage in the psychosexual stages?
Anus pleasure Enjoys holding and expelling faecies
27
What are the 2 consequences of unresolving the anal stage?
Anal - retentive = perfectionist Anal - expulsive - messy
28
What is the role of the phallic stage in the psychosexual stages?
genital pleasure unresolved leads to phallic personality - narcissistic
29
What are 3 evaluations points for the behaviourist approach?
- Real world applications - token economy system in prisons - Controlled research (lab settings) - However, oversimplified learning processes (SLT better)
30
What is the RWA off the behaviourist approach?
token economy system in prisons
31
What is identification in SLT?
Imitating a 'role model'
32
What are 3 evaluations of SLT?
- Cognitive factors - Take in both O+C conditioning - No consideration of biological influences (mirror neurones) - Lab studies - Bandura demand characteristics - RWA - understanding how people learn
33
What are mirror neurons?
Observational learning is by mirror neurones that allow us to emphasise and imitate others
34
What are 3 evaluations of the cognitive approach?
- RWA (AI) - Scientific methods (lab studies And cognitive neuroscience) - but may lack external validity - machine reductionism (does not account human emotion, influence of anxiety of EWT)
35
Why is the cognitive approach machine reductionist?
Does not account human emotion, Such as the influence of anxiety of EWT
36
What are 3 evaluations of the biological approach?
- RWA (treatments for clinical depression - antidepressant drugs) - Scientific methods (FMRIs and EEGs) allows objective/reliable data - Biological determinism (phenotype influenced by environment, identical twins still not same)
37
What scientific methods were used in the biological approach?
FMRIs and EEGs
38
What does the RWA include in the biological approach?
Treatments for clinical depression, antidepressants
39
What are the 3 evaluations of the psychodynamic approach?
- RWA (Therapy, psychoanalysis (talking therapies)) - HOWEVER, psychoanalysis not suitable for serious mental disorders (schizophrenia) - Untestable concepts (pseudoscience) and does not meet falsification
40
What therapies are for the psychodynamic approach?
Psychoanalysis (talking therapies)
41
Why is the psychodynamic approach a pseudoscience?
It has untestable concepts - does not meet scientific criteria as it lacks falsification (lil hans)
42
What are the 3 evaluations of the humanistic approach/
- Positive approach - Not reductionist/hollistic - Culture bias (not for collectivist cultures that focus on interdependence)
43
Why does the humanistic approach have a culture bias?
It is not for collectivist cultures that focus on interdependence and group needs
44
Define neurochemistry
Actions of chemicals inn the brain Our thoughts/behaviours rely on brain chemical transmissions
45
What does an imbalance of neurochemicals in the brain lead to?
Cause mental disorders - E.g Low serotonin in OCD
46
What is introspection?
Studying the mind by breaking up conscious awareness into basic structures of thoughts, images and sensations.
47
2 evaluations of Wundts work
+ scientific Systematic and well-controlled methods that limited extraneous variables with a standardised procedure - Subjective data Wouldn't be considered scientific today Reliant on participant self-reporting their mental processes, hard to establish 'laws of behaviour' from this type of data
48
3 emergences of psychology
1900s - Behaviourist 1950s - Cognitive 1980s - Biological
49
What was the main issue with introspection?
It produced subjective data, making it difficult to establish general laws
50
Key early behaviourist
John B watson
51
What type of schema do babies have?
A simple motor schema
52
Benefits of schemas?
Information is quicker to process Useful as a mental shortcut to prevent us from being overwhelmed by environmental stimuli
53
A problem with schemas?
Distort our interpretations of sensory information, leading to perceptual errors
54
Example of a theoretical model in the cognitive approach?
Information processing approach (info flows through the MSM, similar to how a computer functions)
55
Define cognitive neuroscience
Scientific study of the influences of brain structures on mental processing
56
Define genotype
actual genetic makeup
57
Define phenotype
The expression of genes through physcial, behavioural and psychological characteristics
58
What is natural selection
Idea that any genetically determined behaviour that enhances an individuals survival will continue in future generations
59
what are the 3 principles in the structure of personality
Pleasure - ID Reality - Ego Morality - Superego
60
How does the superego punish the ego?
Through guilt
61
What age does an ego develop?
Age 2
62
How does the ego mediate the other 2?
Through defence mechanisms
63
What type of need is self-actualisation?
A growth need
64
What type of needs are all of maslows apart from self-actualisation?
Deficiency needs
65
What does humanistic psychology suggest?
Human beings are essential self-determining and have free will We are still affected by internal/external influences but we are also active agents that can determine our own development
66
Name 2 humanistic psychologists
Rogers (The self, congruence and conditions of worth) Maslow (hierarchy of needs)
67
What type of approach is the humanistic approach?
Person-centred approach
68
What does roger suggest is needed to achieve personal growth?
An individuals concept o self must have congruence with their ideal seld
69
What is an issue according to Roger if someone has not yet achieved congruence?
If the gap between the 2 selves are too big they will be in 'incongruence' Self-actualisation will not be possible due to negative feelings of self-worth due to incongruence
70
Define congruence by Rogers in the humanistic approach
When the self-concept and ideal self are seen to match (closely)
71
What does roger say can reduced the gap between self concept and ideal self?
'Client centred therapy' To help people to cope with the problems of everyday living
72
Why does Rogers refer to those in therapy as clients not patients?
He saw the individual as the expert on their own condition the therapists role is to encourage the client to discover their own conditions
73
What are 3 things Rogers state a therapist should provide?
Genuineness, empathy and unconditional positive regard
74
What does Roger say the aim of counselling is?
To increase an individuals self-worth to reduce 'incongruence'
75
Where does Roger claim many of our issues in adulthood come from?
Rooted in childhood by a lack of 'unconditional positive regard' from our parents and 'conditional love'
76
What did Rogers suggest we lacked in childhood if we have many issues in our adulthood?
Unconditional positive regard
77
What did Rogers think was important for an effective therapist to do?
Provide the client 'unconditional positive regard' they failed to receive as children
78
What was the main emergence of cognitive neuroscience in the 1860s?
Paul Broca finding the link between frontal lobe damage and impaired speech production
79
Why has cognitive neuroscience expanded?
Due to computer generated models that are designed to read the brain This led to development on mind mapping techniques such as 'brain fingering'
80
Name 3 emergences in cognitive neuroscience in the 1990s
- FMRIs and PET scans, brain imaging techniques that allowed the observation of the neurological basis of mental processes - Buckner and Peterson - Different LTMs located on opposite prefrontal cortex sides - Scanning techniques found link between OCD and parahippocampal gyrus (processes unpleasant info)

Psychology - Paper 2 (3 decks)

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