Biopsychology Flashcards
1
Q
What is Brocas area?
A
speech production
2
Q
What is wernickes area?
A
Language understanding
3
Q
What is the CNS made up of?
A
Brain and spinal chord
4
Q
What is the PNS made u of?
A
Autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system
5
Q
What is the 2 role of the somatic nervous system?
A
Governs muscle movement
Receives info from sensory receptors
6
Q
What is the role of the autonomic nervous system?
A
Governs vital functions in the body
like breathing, heart rate and digestion
7
Q
What is the role of the endocrine system?
A
Information system that instructs glands to release hormones directly into the bloodstream
8
Q
What is a gland?
A
An organ in the body
9
Q
Thyroid gland hormone
A
Thyroxine
10
Q
Adrenal gland hormone
A
Adrenaline
11
Q
What are characteristics of a sympathetic state?
A
Increased heart rate, Increased breathing rate, Dilates pupils, Inhibits digestions and saliva production
12
Q
What are characteristics of a parasympathetic state?
A
decreased heart rate, decreased breathing rate, Constricts pupils, Stimulates digestions and saliva production
13
Q
What are the three types of neurons?
A
Sensory, relay and motor
14
Q
What does lateralisation mean?
A
How each hemisphere has its own functions
15
Q
What is the role of the relay neuron?
A
Connects the sensory and motor neuron together
16
Q
What does contralateral mean?
A
Each hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body
17
Q
What are neurotransmitters?
A
Chemicals that diffuse across the synapse to the next neuron across the chain
18
Q
What is Wernickes aphasia?
A
Nonsense word production
19
Q
What is Brocas aphasia?
A
slow influent speech
20
Q
What are the 4 brain lobes?
A
Frontal, Temporal, parietal and Occipital
21
Q
Which hemisphere for the language centres?
A
Left hemisphere
22
Q
What is Post-Mortem examination?
A
Focus on analysing someones brain after their death
23
Q
What are 2 strengths of post mortem examinations?
A
- Real life evidence
Broca and Wernicke in linking language/speech to the brain, led to their areas - Real Life applications
HM and his brain damage impacting his memory deficit
24
Q
What are 2 limitation of of post mortem examinations?
A
- Ethical issues
Informed consent - causation issue
Brain damage could be due to past traumas/events rather than the issue being reviewed
25
What are the 4 ways of studying the brain
Post mortem examinations
FMRIs
Electroencephalogram
Event-related potentials
26
How do EEGs measure brain activity?
Electrodes connected to an individuals skull through a cap
27
What is a weakness of ERPs?
Lack of standardisation in methodology
Must limit extraneous variables like background noise
28
What are 2 weakness of FMRIs?
- Expensive
- Poor temporal resolution (5 second time lag)
- does not present moment-to-moment BA
29
What is a strength of using EEGS?
Real life uses
- learning stages of sleep
High temporal resolution
30
What is a strength of ERPs?
High temporal resolution
31
What does brain plasticity mean?
The ability of a brain to change through out life
32
What is synaptic pruning?
The idea that rarely used connections in the brain are deleted and frequently used ones are strengthened
33
What did Eleanor Magiure study into?
Brain plasticity with taxi drivers
34
What was Eleanor Magiures study for brain plasticity?
London Taxi drivers brains
Larger grey matter volume in the posterior hippocampus compared to the control group
LTD must do 'the knowledge test'
35
What info is in the posterior hippocampus?
The development of spatial and navigational skills
36
What are the 2 evaluations on brain plasticity?
Limitation - Negative plasticity
phantom limb syndrome 60-80%
Unpleasant/painful
brains ability to adapt to damage is not always beneficial
Strength - Age and plasticity
Neural plasticity can continue through a lifespam
40hrs golf training
FMRI increased motor cortex activity
37
What are the strength evaluations of brain lateralisation from Fink et al?
Support - Forest v Trees
-PET scans for a visual processing task
-When looking at overall image (Forest) RH was more active
- When looking at finer details (Trees) LH was active
38
What are the limitation evaluations of brain lateralisation?
Limitation - One brain
LH as analyser RH as synthesiser may be wrong
No dominant side to the brain
Nielsen et al found evidence of lateralisation but no dominant brain side
39
What is the brain?
Control centre for CNS
40
What is the role of the spinal cord? (3)
Passes info to and from the brain
Connect nerves to PNS
Responsible for reflexes
41
What does thyroxine do?
Increase heart rate and metabolic rates of cells in the body
42
What does adrenaline do?
Control the sympathetic 'fight or flight' response
43
What does the pituitary gland do?
Controls the release of hormones from other glands in the body
44
What does the pituitary gland release?
LH and FSH
45
What are the 6 features in a neuron? CAMAND
- cell body
- dendrites
- axons
- myelin sheath
- nodes of ranvier
- Axon terminals
46
What is in the cell body of a neuron?
A nucleus
47
What is the role of dendrites?
recieives messages from other cells
48
What is the role of axon terminals?
Forms junctions with other cells
49
What is the role of axons?
Passes messages from the cell body to other neurons, muscles or glands
50
What is the role of the myelin sheath?
Cover the axon to speed up electrical impulses
51
What area is the frontal lobe in?
Motor area
52
What area is the temporal lobe in?
Auditory area
53
What area is the parietal lobe in?
Somatosensory area
54
What area is the occipital lobe in?
Visual area
55
What is the role of the frontal lobe?
Controls voluntary movements in opposing body side
56
What is the role of parietal lobe?
Sensory info from the skin is represented
57
What is the role of occipital lobe?
Each eye sends info from the visual field to opposing cortex
58
What is the role of the temporal lobe?
analysis speech based info
59
What is a strength of fMRIs?
They do not rely on radiation
(high spatial resolution)
60
What is the role of the motor area?
Controls voluntary movement on opposing body side
61
What is the role of the somatosensory area?
Where sensory info from the skin is represented
62
What is the role of the visual cortex?
Eye send info from visual field to opposing cortex
63
What is the role of the auditory area?
Analysis for speech based information
64
What are ERPs?
Even related potentials
Types of brainwaves triggered by a certain event
65
What are 2 strengths of post-mortem examinations?
Broca and Wernicke example
HM having a memory deficient
66
What are 2 limitations of post-mortem examinations?
Ethical issues
Causation issues
67
Who did the split brain research?
Sperry et al
68
What was the split brain research?
- 11 participant with split brain operation
- shown image to the RVF and LVF
- In a normal brain both hemispheres would immediately produce info together
69
What was the findings to the split brain research?
Image shown
To RVF - descirbe easily
To LVF - 'nothing there'
70
What was Nielsan et al's one brain research in brain lateralisation limitation?
One brain
Studied 1000 7 to 29 year olds brains using brain scans
71
Who found the limitation of one brain in hemispheric Lateralisation?
Nielsan et al
72
What was Nielsan et al's one brain findings in brain lateralisation limitation?
found that certain hemispheres for certain tasks BUT no evidence of a dominant side.
73
What are the 2 evaluations of split-brain research
Research support - Luck et al
SB participants performed better in some tasks compared to CB
Generalisation issue
Control group none had epilepsy
- It acts as a confounding variable
74
What are the 3 types of biological rhythms?
Circadian, Infradian and Ultradian
75
What is an example of a Circadian rhythm?
Sleep, wake cycle
76
Who did the research into Circadian rhythms?
Siffre et al
77
What was Siffres research into Circadian Rhythms
Siffres cave study
Deprived of natural light and sound
resurfaced mid sept but thought it was mid august
natural biological clock of 25hrs
78
What are 3 evaluations of circadian rhythms
- Shift work
- Individual differences
- Medical help
(when to take medicine, aspirin in morning)
79
What are 2 examples of Infradian rhythms
The menstrual cycle
Seasonal affective disorder
80
what is an example of an ultradian rhythm?
Stages of sleep
81
What side of the brain is the language centres on?
Left side of the brain
Frontal and Temporal lobe
82
What can the ANS be further broken down to?
Parasympathetic and sympathetic states
83
What state are you in when adrenaline is high?
Sympathetic
84
3 types of structures from functional recovery
Axon sprouting
Denervation supersensitivity
Recruitment of homologous areas
85
What is axon sprouting in functional recovery?
New nerve ending growth to connect with undamaged nerve cells
- Forms new neuronal pathways
86
What is Denervation supersensitivity in functional recovery?
Similar job axons work harder to compensate for lost ones
(Can cause pain)
87
What is Recruitment of homologous area in functional recovery?
Same role opposite side of brain takes on equivalent
88
What are the therapies for functional recovery as a realword application
Neurohabilitation - 'Constraint induced movement' therapy
89
What is a limitation of functional recovery?
Cognitive reserve
- education levels influencing DFR
40% 16+ education 10% -12 years education
Less chance of full recovery with less time in education
90
What are 3 examples of exogenous zeitgebers?
Light
Temperature
Social cues
91
What is an example of endogenous pacemaker?
SCN
(suprachiasmatic nucleus)
92
Where is the SCN as an endogenous pacemaker?
Tiny bundle of nerves in the hypothalamus of each hemisphere
93
What is the SCN as an endogenous pacemaker?
Maintains circadian rhythms
Acts as the bodys internal clock
94
How does the SCN maintain circadian rhythms as an endogenous pacemaker?
Send info to pineal gland that when
At night melatonin releases, making you feel sleepy.
Light stops melatonin production (stay awake)
Reset by light
95
What is the primary endogenous pacemaker?
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
96
What are the 2 influences on biological rhythms?
Endogenous pacemakers
Exogenous Zeitgebers
97
What are the 3 evaluations on circadian rhythms?
Shift work
Improve medical treatments
Individual differences
98
Difference between Infradian and ultradian rhythms?
Different durations
- IR last over 24hrs (MC) whilst UR are less than 24hrs (SS)
99
What is Brocas aphasia? (3 words)
Language production issue
100
What is the RH sometimes known as?
Synthesiser
101
What is the LH sometimes known as?
Analyser
102
What areas are in both hemispheres?
Motor, Vision and somatosensory
103
What 2 things are vision?
Contralateral and ipsilateral
104
Explain how we see things in our left eye
Left visual field analysed in the right hemisphere
105
What type of task did Fink et al do?
Visual processing task
(brain lateralisation)
106
What was the visual task that fink et al made participants do?
Tree vs forest image with PET scans
107
Why are split brain procedures done?
To reduce epilepsy
108
Define lateralisation
The idea that the 2 brain hemispheres are functionally different
109
What is removed during split brain surgery?
The corpus callosum
110
In sperrys research what happened when image was shown the to LVF?
Verbally said 'nothing there'
Physically able to draw with left hand what was there (Cat)
111
What tasks did Luck et al find that SB people were better at than CB?
Odd one out tasks
112
How do EEGs work?
Electrodes fixed to a skull cap that records brainwaves
113
How do FMRIs work?
Detect blood oxygenation and flow changes that are a result of brain activity
114
What animal was used in the animal studies with the SCN?
Chipmunks
115
What was the animal study with the SCN?
80 chipmunks SCN destroyed then returned to natural habitat and observed
- Sleep wake cycle disappeared and many killed by predators
116
An examples of axon sprouting occuring
Constraint induced movement therapy for stroke patients
117
What therapies has circadian rhythms helped?
Chronotherapeutics
A medical treatment that is linked to an individuals biological rhythms
118
What does the temporal lobe hold?
The auditory cortex, which analysis speech based information
119
What is the role of the enodcrine system?
The endocrine system plays an important role in regulating the activity of cells and organs in the body by communicating chemical messages to the body's organs
120
What is the role of thyroxine
increases heart rate and metabolic rates in the body.
121
Who did the eval on cognitive reserve for functional recovery?
Schneider et al
122
Who did the eval on plasticity for age and plasticity?
Bezzola et al
(Golf 40hrs from age 40-60 ppl, increased motor cortex activity)
123
Who conducted the WW2 bunker research on circadian rhythms?
Aschoff and Wever
124
Who conducted the pheromones menstrual cycle research in infradian rhythms?
Stern and McClintock
125
What 3 waves are used in the stages of sleep?
Alpha, delta, theta
126
What sleep stage do dreams usually occur in?
REM (stage 5)
127
What are the 2 effects neurotransmitters can have on neighbouring neurons?
Excitatory or inhibitory effect
128
Who did the SCN chipmunk study?
DeCoursey et al
(30 cjipmunk SCN connectors destroyed)
129
Role of the spinal cord
part of the central nervous system, where it is an extension of the brain. It sends messages to and from the brain and is partially connected to the peripheral nervous system. It also is responsible for reflexive actions. For example, moving your hand when touching a hot plate.
130
What is the brains outer layer called?
Cerebral cortex (3mm thick)
131
Where are relay neurons located?
Found within the brain and visual system
(Make up 97% of all neurons)
132
Where are motor neurons located?
Cell body - CNS
Long axons - PNS
133
What is localisation of function also known as?
Cortical specialisation
134
Who argued for localisation of function
Broca and Wernicke
(Cortical specialisation)
135
What did Nielsan et al do?
Analsyed 1000s of brains from 7 to 30 and found that different hemispheres control different things (Localisation) but no evidence of a dominant side
136
What did McCarthy et al do?
40 chipmunks 80 days observation study
(Enodgenous pacemakers)
137
What did Schneider et al do?
Cognitive reserve
(functional recovery)
DFR
138
What did Bezzola et al do?
Age and plasticity
Golf trained more motor cortex activity compared to a control group
139
What did Aschoff and Wever et al do?
WW2 bunker sleep wake cycle
140
Who (2) found that language centres may not be specifically linked to the left hemisphere?
Dick and Tremblay
141
Who found that the brain may not actually be localised through rat maze study?
Lashley
Removed 10%-50% of a different rats cortex who were learning the route of a maze
No area was proven more important than another in terms of learning
142
Who found support in brain localisation?
Peterson et al
- Brain scans showed wernickes area was active during a listening task and brocas area was active during a reading task
143
