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Psychology - Paper 2 > Biopsychology > Flashcards

Biopsychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Brocas aphasia?

A

Lack of speech fluency and slow speech

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2
Q

What is wernickes aphasia?

A

A type of aphasia where individuals produce nonsense words as their speech production

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3
Q

What is the CNS made up of?

A

Brain and spinal chord

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4
Q

What is the PNS made u of?

A

Autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system

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5
Q

What is the role of the somatic nervous system?

A

Governs muscle movement
Receives info from sensory receptors

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6
Q

What is the role of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Governs vital functions in the body
like breathing, heart rate and digestion

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7
Q

What is the role of the endocrine system?

A

Information system that instructs glands to release hormones directly into the bloodstream

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8
Q

What is a gland?

A

An organ in the body

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9
Q

Thyroid gland hormone

A

Thyroxine

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10
Q

Adrenal gland hormone

A

Adrenaline

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11
Q

What are characteristics of a sympathetic state?

A

Increased heart rate, Increased breathing rate, Dilates pupils, Inhibits digestions and saliva production

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12
Q

What are characteristics of a parasympathetic state?

A

decreased heart rate, decreased breathing rate, Constricts pupils, Stimulates digestions and saliva production

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13
Q

What are the three types of neurons?

A

Sensory, relay and motor

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14
Q

What does lateralisation mean?

A

How each hemisphere has its own functions

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15
Q

What is the role of the relay neuron?

A

Connects the sensory and motor neuron together

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16
Q

What does contralateral mean?

A

Each hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body

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17
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

Chemicals that diffuse across the synapse to the next neuron across the chain

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18
Q

What is Wernickes area?

A

A language centre in the left temporal lobe
Responsible for language understanding

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19
Q

What is Brocas area?

A

Language centre in left frontal lobe
Controls speech production

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20
Q

What are the 4 brain lobes?

A

Frontal, Temporal, parietal and Occipital

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21
Q

Which hemisphere is more for the language centres?

A

Left hemisphere

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22
Q

What is Post-Mortem examination?

A

Technique that focuses on analysing someones brain after their death

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23
Q

What are 2 strengths of post mortem examinations?

A
  • Real life evidence
    Broca and Wernicke in linking language/speech to the brain, led to their areas
  • Real Life applications
    HM and his brain damage impacting his memory deficit
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24
Q

What are 2 limitation of of post mortem examinations?

A
  • Ethical issues
    Informed consent
  • causation issue
    Brain damage could be due to past traumas/events rather than the issue being reviewed
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25
Q

What are the 4 ways of studying the brain

A

Post mortem examinations
FMRIs
Electroencephalogram
Event-related potentials

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26
Q

How do EEGs measure brain activity?

A

Electrodes connected to an individuals skull through a cap

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27
Q

What is a weakness of event related potentials

A

Lack of standardisation in methodology
Must limit extraneous variables like background noise

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28
Q

What are 2 weakness of FMRIs?

A
  • Expensive
  • Poor temporal resolution (5 second time lag)
  • does not present moment-to-moment BA
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29
Q

What is a strength of using EEGS?

A

Real life uses
- learning stages of sleep

High temporal resolution

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30
Q

What is a strength of even related potentials?

A

High temporal resolution

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31
Q

What does brain plasticity mean?

A

The ability of a brain to change through out life

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32
Q

What is synaptic pruning?

A

The idea that rarely used connections in the brain are deleted and frequently used ones are strengthened

33
Q

What did Eleanor Magiure study into?

A

Brain plasticity with taxi drivers

34
Q

What was Eleanor Magiures study?

A

London Taxi drivers brains

Larger grey matter volume in the posterior hippocampus compared to the control group

LTD must do ‘the knowledge test’

35
Q

What info is in the posterior hippocampus?

A

The development of spatial and navigational skills

36
Q

What are the 2 evaluations on brain plasticity?

A

Limitation - Negative plasticity
phantom limb syndrome 60-80%
Unpleasant/painful
brains ability to adapt to damage is not always beneficial

Strength - Age and plasticity
Neural plasticity can continue through a lifespam
40hrs golf training
FMRI increased motor cortex activity

37
Q

What are the strength evaluations of brain lateralisation?

A

Strength - Lateralisation in the connected brain
- Fink et al and PET scans for a visual processing task
-When looking at overall image (Forest) RH was more active
- When looking at finer details (Trees) LH was active

38
Q

What are the limitation evaluations of brain lateralisation?

A

Limitation - One brain
LH as analyser RH as synthesiser may be wrong
No dominant side to the brain
Nielsen et al found evidence of lateralisation but no dominant brain side

39
Q

What is the brain?

A

Control centre for CNS

40
Q

What is the role of the spinal cord? (3)

A

Passes info to and from the brain
Connect nerves to PNS
Responsible for reflexes

41
Q

What does thyroxine do?

A

Increase heart rate and metabolic rates of cells in the body

42
Q

What does adrenaline do?

A

Control the sympathetic ‘fight or flight’ response

43
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

Controls the release of hormones from other glands in the body

44
Q

What does the pituitary gland release?

A

LH and FSH

45
Q

What are the 6 features in a neuron? CAMAND

A
  • cell body
  • dendrites
  • axons
  • myelin sheath
  • nodes of ranvier
  • Axon terminals
46
Q

What is in the cell body of a neuron?

A

A nucleus

47
Q

What is the role of dendrites?

A

recieives messages from other cells

47
Q

What is the role of axon terminals?

A

Forms junctions with other cells

48
Q

What is the role of axons?

A

Passes messages from the cell body to other neurons, muscles or glands

49
Q

What is the role of the myelin sheath?

A

Cover the axon to speed up electrical impulses

50
Q

What area is the frontal lobe in?

A

Motor area

51
Q

What area is the temporal lobe in?

A

Auditory area

52
Q

What area is the parietal lobe in?

A

Somatosensory area

52
Q

What area is the occipital lobe in?

A

Visual area

53
Q

What is the role of the frontal lobe?

A

Controls voluntary movements in opposing body side

54
Q

What is the role of parietal lobe?

A

Sensory info from the skin is represented

55
Q

What is the role of occipital lobe?

A

Each eye sends info from the visual field to opposing cortex

56
Q

What is the role of the temporal lobe?

A

analysis speech based info

57
Q

What is a strength of fMRIs?

A

They do not rely on radiation
(high spatial resolution)

58
Q

What is the role of the motor area?

A

Controls voluntary movement on opposing body side

59
Q

What is the role of the somatosensory area?

A

Where sensory info from the skin is represented

60
Q

What is the role of the visual cortex?

A

Eye send info from visual field to opposing cortex

61
Q

What is the role of the auditory area?

A

Analysis for speech based information

62
Q

What are ERPs?

A

Even related potentials
Types of brainwaves triggered by a certain event

63
Q

What are 2 strengths of post-mortem examinations?

A

Broca and Wernicke example
HM having a memory deficient

64
Q

What are 2 limitations of post-mortem examinations?

A

Ethical issues
Causation issues

65
Q

Who did the split brain research?

A

Sperry et al

66
Q

What was the split brain research?

A
  • 11 participant with split brain operation
  • shown image to the RVF and LVF
  • In a normal brain both hemispheres would immediately produce info together
67
Q

What was the findings to the split brain research?

A

Image when shown to RVF was visible
Image when shown to LVF was said ‘nothing there’

Info from RH cannot be relayed to the LH

68
Q

Who found the limitation of one brain in hemispheric Lateralisation?

A

Nielsan et al

69
Q

What was Nielsan et al’s research and findings in brain lateralisation limitation?

A

One brain
Studied 1000 7 to 29 year olds brains using brain scans

found that certain hemispheres for certain tasks BUT no evidence of a dominant side.

70
Q

What are the 2 evaluations of split-brain research

A

Research support - Luck et al
SB participants performed better in some tasks compared to CB

Generalisation issue
Causal relationship hard to establish
Epilepsy - confounding variable
Findings due to epilepsy rather than SB

71
Q

What are the 3 types of biological rhythms?

A

Circadian, Infradian and Ultradian

72
Q

What is an example of a Circadian rhythm?

A

Sleep, wake cycle

73
Q

Who did the research into Circadian rhythms?

A

Siffre et al

74
Q

What was Siffres research into Circadian Rhythms

A

Siffres cave study
Deprived of natural light and sound
resurfaced mid sept but thought it was mid august
natural biological clock of 25hrs

75
Q

What are 3 evaluations of circadian rhythms

A
  • Shift work
  • Individual differences
  • Medical help
    (when to take medicine, aspirin in morning)
76
Q

What are 2 examples of Infradian rhythms

A

The menstrual cycle
Seasonal affective disorder

77
Q

what is an example of an ultradian rhythm?

A

Stages of sleep

Psychology - Paper 2 (3 decks)

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