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Psychology - Paper 2 > Biopsychology > Flashcards

Biopsychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Brocas area?

A

speech production

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2
Q

What is wernickes area?

A

Language understanding

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3
Q

What is the CNS made up of?

A

Brain and spinal chord

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4
Q

What is the PNS made u of?

A

Autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system

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5
Q

What is the 2 role of the somatic nervous system?

A

Governs muscle movement
Receives info from sensory receptors

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6
Q

What is the role of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Governs vital functions in the body
like breathing, heart rate and digestion

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7
Q

What is the role of the endocrine system?

A

Information system that instructs glands to release hormones directly into the bloodstream

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8
Q

What is a gland?

A

An organ in the body

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9
Q

Thyroid gland hormone

A

Thyroxine

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10
Q

Adrenal gland hormone

A

Adrenaline

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11
Q

What are characteristics of a sympathetic state?

A

Increased heart rate, Increased breathing rate, Dilates pupils, Inhibits digestions and saliva production

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12
Q

What are characteristics of a parasympathetic state?

A

decreased heart rate, decreased breathing rate, Constricts pupils, Stimulates digestions and saliva production

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13
Q

What are the three types of neurons?

A

Sensory, relay and motor

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14
Q

What does lateralisation mean?

A

How each hemisphere has its own functions

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15
Q

What is the role of the relay neuron?

A

Connects the sensory and motor neuron together

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16
Q

What does contralateral mean?

A

Each hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body

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17
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

Chemicals that diffuse across the synapse to the next neuron across the chain

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18
Q

What is Wernickes aphasia?

A

Nonsense word production

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19
Q

What is Brocas aphasia?

A

slow influent speech

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20
Q

What are the 4 brain lobes?

A

Frontal, Temporal, parietal and Occipital

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21
Q

Which hemisphere for the language centres?

A

Left hemisphere

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22
Q

What is Post-Mortem examination?

A

Focus on analysing someones brain after their death

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23
Q

What are 2 strengths of post mortem examinations?

A
  • Real life evidence
    Broca and Wernicke in linking language/speech to the brain, led to their areas
  • Real Life applications
    HM and his brain damage impacting his memory deficit
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24
Q

What are 2 limitation of of post mortem examinations?

A
  • Ethical issues
    Informed consent
  • causation issue
    Brain damage could be due to past traumas/events rather than the issue being reviewed
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25
Q

What are the 4 ways of studying the brain

A

Post mortem examinations
FMRIs
Electroencephalogram
Event-related potentials

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26
Q

How do EEGs measure brain activity?

A

Electrodes connected to an individuals skull through a cap

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27
Q

What is a weakness of ERPs?

A

Lack of standardisation in methodology
Must limit extraneous variables like background noise

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28
Q

What are 2 weakness of FMRIs?

A
  • Expensive
  • Poor temporal resolution (5 second time lag)
  • does not present moment-to-moment BA
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29
Q

What is a strength of using EEGS?

A

Real life uses
- learning stages of sleep

High temporal resolution

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30
Q

What is a strength of ERPs?

A

High temporal resolution

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31
Q

What does brain plasticity mean?

A

The ability of a brain to change through out life

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32
Q

What is synaptic pruning?

A

The idea that rarely used connections in the brain are deleted and frequently used ones are strengthened

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33
Q

What did Eleanor Magiure study into?

A

Brain plasticity with taxi drivers

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34
Q

What was Eleanor Magiures study for brain plasticity?

A

London Taxi drivers brains

Larger grey matter volume in the posterior hippocampus compared to the control group

LTD must do ‘the knowledge test’

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35
Q

What info is in the posterior hippocampus?

A

The development of spatial and navigational skills

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36
Q

What are the 2 evaluations on brain plasticity?

A

Limitation - Negative plasticity
phantom limb syndrome 60-80%
Unpleasant/painful
brains ability to adapt to damage is not always beneficial

Strength - Age and plasticity
Neural plasticity can continue through a lifespam
40hrs golf training
FMRI increased motor cortex activity

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37
Q

What are the strength evaluations of brain lateralisation?

A

Strength - Lateralisation in the connected brain
- Fink et al and PET scans for a visual processing task
-When looking at overall image (Forest) RH was more active
- When looking at finer details (Trees) LH was active

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38
Q

What are the limitation evaluations of brain lateralisation?

A

Limitation - One brain
LH as analyser RH as synthesiser may be wrong
No dominant side to the brain
Nielsen et al found evidence of lateralisation but no dominant brain side

39
Q

What is the brain?

A

Control centre for CNS

40
Q

What is the role of the spinal cord? (3)

A

Passes info to and from the brain
Connect nerves to PNS
Responsible for reflexes

41
Q

What does thyroxine do?

A

Increase heart rate and metabolic rates of cells in the body

42
Q

What does adrenaline do?

A

Control the sympathetic ‘fight or flight’ response

43
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

Controls the release of hormones from other glands in the body

44
Q

What does the pituitary gland release?

A

LH and FSH

45
Q

What are the 6 features in a neuron? CAMAND

A
  • cell body
  • dendrites
  • axons
  • myelin sheath
  • nodes of ranvier
  • Axon terminals
46
Q

What is in the cell body of a neuron?

A

A nucleus

47
Q

What is the role of dendrites?

A

recieives messages from other cells

47
Q

What is the role of axon terminals?

A

Forms junctions with other cells

48
Q

What is the role of axons?

A

Passes messages from the cell body to other neurons, muscles or glands

49
Q

What is the role of the myelin sheath?

A

Cover the axon to speed up electrical impulses

50
Q

What area is the frontal lobe in?

A

Motor area

51
Q

What area is the temporal lobe in?

A

Auditory area

52
Q

What area is the parietal lobe in?

A

Somatosensory area

52
Q

What area is the occipital lobe in?

A

Visual area

53
Q

What is the role of the frontal lobe?

A

Controls voluntary movements in opposing body side

54
Q

What is the role of parietal lobe?

A

Sensory info from the skin is represented

55
Q

What is the role of occipital lobe?

A

Each eye sends info from the visual field to opposing cortex

56
Q

What is the role of the temporal lobe?

A

analysis speech based info

57
Q

What is a strength of fMRIs?

A

They do not rely on radiation
(high spatial resolution)

58
Q

What is the role of the motor area?

A

Controls voluntary movement on opposing body side

59
Q

What is the role of the somatosensory area?

A

Where sensory info from the skin is represented

60
Q

What is the role of the visual cortex?

A

Eye send info from visual field to opposing cortex

61
Q

What is the role of the auditory area?

A

Analysis for speech based information

62
Q

What are ERPs?

A

Even related potentials
Types of brainwaves triggered by a certain event

63
Q

What are 2 strengths of post-mortem examinations?

A

Broca and Wernicke example
HM having a memory deficient

64
Q

What are 2 limitations of post-mortem examinations?

A

Ethical issues
Causation issues

65
Q

Who did the split brain research?

A

Sperry et al

66
Q

What was the split brain research?

A
  • 11 participant with split brain operation
  • shown image to the RVF and LVF
  • In a normal brain both hemispheres would immediately produce info together
67
Q

What was the findings to the split brain research?

A

Image when shown to RVF was visible
Image when shown to LVF was said ‘nothing there’

Info from RH cannot be relayed to the LH

68
Q

Who found the limitation of one brain in hemispheric Lateralisation?

A

Nielsan et al

69
Q

What was Nielsan et al’s research and findings in brain lateralisation limitation?

A

One brain
Studied 1000 7 to 29 year olds brains using brain scans

found that certain hemispheres for certain tasks BUT no evidence of a dominant side.

70
Q

What are the 2 evaluations of split-brain research

A

Research support - Luck et al
SB participants performed better in some tasks compared to CB

Generalisation issue
Causal relationship hard to establish
Epilepsy - confounding variable
Findings due to epilepsy rather than SB

71
Q

What are the 3 types of biological rhythms?

A

Circadian, Infradian and Ultradian

72
Q

What is an example of a Circadian rhythm?

A

Sleep, wake cycle

73
Q

Who did the research into Circadian rhythms?

A

Siffre et al

74
Q

What was Siffres research into Circadian Rhythms

A

Siffres cave study
Deprived of natural light and sound
resurfaced mid sept but thought it was mid august
natural biological clock of 25hrs

75
Q

What are 3 evaluations of circadian rhythms

A
  • Shift work
  • Individual differences
  • Medical help
    (when to take medicine, aspirin in morning)
76
Q

What are 2 examples of Infradian rhythms

A

The menstrual cycle
Seasonal affective disorder

77
Q

what is an example of an ultradian rhythm?

A

Stages of sleep

78
Q

What side of the brain is the language centres on?

A

Left side of the brain
Frontal and Temporal lobe

79
Q

What can the ANS be further broken down to?

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic states

80
Q

What state are you in when adrenaline is high?

A

Sympathetic

81
Q

3 types of structures from functional recovery

A

Axon sprouting
Denervation supersensitivity
Recruitment of homologous areas

82
Q

What is axon sprouting in functional recovery?

A

New nerve ending growth to connect with undamaged nerve cells
- Forms new neuronal pathways

83
Q

What is Denervation supersensitivity in functional recovery?

A

Similar job axons work harder to compensate for lost ones
(Can cause pain)

84
Q

What is Recruitment of homologous area in functional recovery?

A

Same role opposite side of brain takes on equivalent

85
Q

What are the therapies for functional recovery as a realword application

A

Neurohabilitation - ‘Constraint induced movement’ therapy

86
Q

What is a limitation of functional recovery?

A

Cognitive reserve
- education levels influencing DFR
40% 16+ education 10% -12 years education

Less chance of full recovery with less time in education

87
Q

What are 3 examples of exogenous zeitgebers?

A

Light
Temperature
Social cues

88
Q

What is an example of endogenous pacemaker?

A

SCN
(suprachiasmatic nucleus)

89
Q

Where is the SCN as an endogenous pacemaker?

A

Tiny bundle of nerves in the hypothalamus of each hemisphere

90
Q

What is the SCN as an endogenous pacemaker?

A

Maintains circadian rhythms
Acts as the bodys internal clock

91
Q

How does the SCN maintain circadian rhythms as an endogenous pacemaker?

A

info sent to pineal gland that when life…
Dark releases melatonin, making you feel sleepy.
Light stops melatonin production (stay awake)

Reset by light, enters the eyes, and signals are sent to keep the body’s clock in sync with the day-night cycle.

Psychology - Paper 2 (3 decks)

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