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Psychology - Paper 2 > Biopsychology > Flashcards

Biopsychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Brocas area?

A

speech production

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2
Q

What is wernickes area?

A

Language understanding

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3
Q

What is the CNS made up of?

A

Brain and spinal chord

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4
Q

What is the PNS made u of?

A

Autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system

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5
Q

What is the 2 role of the somatic nervous system?

A

Governs muscle movement
Receives info from sensory receptors

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6
Q

What is the role of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Governs vital functions in the body
like breathing, heart rate and digestion

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7
Q

What is the role of the endocrine system?

A

Information system that instructs glands to release hormones directly into the bloodstream

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8
Q

What is a gland?

A

An organ in the body

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9
Q

Thyroid gland hormone

A

Thyroxine

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10
Q

Adrenal gland hormone

A

Adrenaline

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11
Q

What are characteristics of a sympathetic state?

A

Increased heart rate, Increased breathing rate, Dilates pupils, Inhibits digestions and saliva production

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12
Q

What are characteristics of a parasympathetic state?

A

decreased heart rate, decreased breathing rate, Constricts pupils, Stimulates digestions and saliva production

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13
Q

What are the three types of neurons?

A

Sensory, relay and motor

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14
Q

What does lateralisation mean?

A

How each hemisphere has its own functions

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15
Q

What is the role of the relay neuron?

A

Connects the sensory and motor neuron together

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16
Q

What does contralateral mean?

A

Each hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body

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17
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

Chemicals that diffuse across the synapse to the next neuron across the chain

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18
Q

What is Wernickes aphasia?

A

Nonsense word production

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19
Q

What is Brocas aphasia?

A

slow influent speech

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20
Q

What are the 4 brain lobes?

A

Frontal, Temporal, parietal and Occipital

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21
Q

Which hemisphere for the language centres?

A

Left hemisphere

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22
Q

What is Post-Mortem examination?

A

Focus on analysing someones brain after their death

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23
Q

What are 2 strengths of post mortem examinations?

A
  • Real life evidence
    Broca and Wernicke in linking language/speech to the brain, led to their areas
  • Real Life applications
    HM and his brain damage impacting his memory deficit
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24
Q

What are 2 limitation of of post mortem examinations?

A
  • Ethical issues
    Informed consent
  • causation issue
    Brain damage could be due to past traumas/events rather than the issue being reviewed
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25
Q

What are the 4 ways of studying the brain

A

Post mortem examinations
FMRIs
Electroencephalogram
Event-related potentials

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26
Q

How do EEGs measure brain activity?

A

Electrodes connected to an individuals skull through a cap

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27
Q

What is a weakness of ERPs?

A

Lack of standardisation in methodology
Must limit extraneous variables like background noise

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28
Q

What are 2 weakness of FMRIs?

A
  • Expensive
  • Poor temporal resolution (5 second time lag)
  • does not present moment-to-moment BA
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29
Q

What is a strength of using EEGS?

A

Real life uses
- learning stages of sleep

High temporal resolution

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30
Q

What is a strength of ERPs?

A

High temporal resolution

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31
Q

What does brain plasticity mean?

A

The ability of a brain to change through out life

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32
Q

What is synaptic pruning?

A

The idea that rarely used connections in the brain are deleted and frequently used ones are strengthened

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33
Q

What did Eleanor Magiure study into?

A

Brain plasticity with taxi drivers

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34
Q

What was Eleanor Magiures study for brain plasticity?

A

London Taxi drivers brains

Larger grey matter volume in the posterior hippocampus compared to the control group

LTD must do ‘the knowledge test’

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35
Q

What info is in the posterior hippocampus?

A

The development of spatial and navigational skills

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36
Q

What are the 2 evaluations on brain plasticity?

A

Limitation - Negative plasticity
phantom limb syndrome 60-80%
Unpleasant/painful
brains ability to adapt to damage is not always beneficial

Strength - Age and plasticity
Neural plasticity can continue through a lifespam
40hrs golf training
FMRI increased motor cortex activity

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37
Q

What are the strength evaluations of brain lateralisation from Fink et al?

A

Support - Forest v Trees
-PET scans for a visual processing task
-When looking at overall image (Forest) RH was more active
- When looking at finer details (Trees) LH was active

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38
Q

What are the limitation evaluations of brain lateralisation?

A

Limitation - One brain
LH as analyser RH as synthesiser may be wrong
No dominant side to the brain
Nielsen et al found evidence of lateralisation but no dominant brain side

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39
Q

What is the brain?

A

Control centre for CNS

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40
Q

What is the role of the spinal cord? (3)

A

Passes info to and from the brain
Connect nerves to PNS
Responsible for reflexes

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41
Q

What does thyroxine do?

A

Increase heart rate and metabolic rates of cells in the body

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42
Q

What does adrenaline do?

A

Control the sympathetic ‘fight or flight’ response

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43
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

Controls the release of hormones from other glands in the body

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44
Q

What does the pituitary gland release?

A

LH and FSH

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45
Q

What are the 6 features in a neuron? CAMAND

A
  • cell body
  • dendrites
  • axons
  • myelin sheath
  • nodes of ranvier
  • Axon terminals
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46
Q

What is in the cell body of a neuron?

A

A nucleus

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47
Q

What is the role of dendrites?

A

recieives messages from other cells

48
Q

What is the role of axon terminals?

A

Forms junctions with other cells

49
Q

What is the role of axons?

A

Passes messages from the cell body to other neurons, muscles or glands

50
Q

What is the role of the myelin sheath?

A

Cover the axon to speed up electrical impulses

51
Q

What area is the frontal lobe in?

A

Motor area

52
Q

What area is the temporal lobe in?

A

Auditory area

53
Q

What area is the parietal lobe in?

A

Somatosensory area

54
Q

What area is the occipital lobe in?

A

Visual area

55
Q

What is the role of the frontal lobe?

A

Controls voluntary movements in opposing body side

56
Q

What is the role of parietal lobe?

A

Sensory info from the skin is represented

57
Q

What is the role of occipital lobe?

A

Each eye sends info from the visual field to opposing cortex

58
Q

What is the role of the temporal lobe?

A

analysis speech based info

59
Q

What is a strength of fMRIs?

A

They do not rely on radiation
(high spatial resolution)

60
Q

What is the role of the motor area?

A

Controls voluntary movement on opposing body side

61
Q

What is the role of the somatosensory area?

A

Where sensory info from the skin is represented

62
Q

What is the role of the visual cortex?

A

Eye send info from visual field to opposing cortex

63
Q

What is the role of the auditory area?

A

Analysis for speech based information

64
Q

What are ERPs?

A

Even related potentials
Types of brainwaves triggered by a certain event

65
Q

What are 2 strengths of post-mortem examinations?

A

Broca and Wernicke example
HM having a memory deficient

66
Q

What are 2 limitations of post-mortem examinations?

A

Ethical issues
Causation issues

67
Q

Who did the split brain research?

A

Sperry et al

68
Q

What was the split brain research?

A
  • 11 participant with split brain operation
  • shown image to the RVF and LVF
  • In a normal brain both hemispheres would immediately produce info together
69
Q

What was the findings to the split brain research?

A

Image shown
To RVF - descirbe easily
To LVF - ‘nothing there’

70
Q

What was Nielsan et al’s one brain research in brain lateralisation limitation?

A

One brain
Studied 1000 7 to 29 year olds brains using brain scans

71
Q

Who found the limitation of one brain in hemispheric Lateralisation?

A

Nielsan et al

72
Q

What was Nielsan et al’s one brain findings in brain lateralisation limitation?

A

found that certain hemispheres for certain tasks BUT no evidence of a dominant side.

73
Q

What are the 2 evaluations of split-brain research

A

Research support - Luck et al
SB participants performed better in some tasks compared to CB

Generalisation issue
Control group none had epilepsy
- It acts as a confounding variable

74
Q

What are the 3 types of biological rhythms?

A

Circadian, Infradian and Ultradian

75
Q

What is an example of a Circadian rhythm?

A

Sleep, wake cycle

76
Q

Who did the research into Circadian rhythms?

A

Siffre et al

77
Q

What was Siffres research into Circadian Rhythms

A

Siffres cave study
Deprived of natural light and sound
resurfaced mid sept but thought it was mid august
natural biological clock of 25hrs

78
Q

What are 3 evaluations of circadian rhythms

A
  • Shift work
  • Individual differences
  • Medical help
    (when to take medicine, aspirin in morning)
79
Q

What are 2 examples of Infradian rhythms

A

The menstrual cycle
Seasonal affective disorder

80
Q

what is an example of an ultradian rhythm?

A

Stages of sleep

81
Q

What side of the brain is the language centres on?

A

Left side of the brain
Frontal and Temporal lobe

82
Q

What can the ANS be further broken down to?

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic states

83
Q

What state are you in when adrenaline is high?

A

Sympathetic

84
Q

3 types of structures from functional recovery

A

Axon sprouting
Denervation supersensitivity
Recruitment of homologous areas

85
Q

What is axon sprouting in functional recovery?

A

New nerve ending growth to connect with undamaged nerve cells
- Forms new neuronal pathways

86
Q

What is Denervation supersensitivity in functional recovery?

A

Similar job axons work harder to compensate for lost ones
(Can cause pain)

87
Q

What is Recruitment of homologous area in functional recovery?

A

Same role opposite side of brain takes on equivalent

88
Q

What are the therapies for functional recovery as a realword application

A

Neurohabilitation - ‘Constraint induced movement’ therapy

89
Q

What is a limitation of functional recovery?

A

Cognitive reserve
- education levels influencing DFR
40% 16+ education 10% -12 years education

Less chance of full recovery with less time in education

90
Q

What are 3 examples of exogenous zeitgebers?

A

Light
Temperature
Social cues

91
Q

What is an example of endogenous pacemaker?

A

SCN
(suprachiasmatic nucleus)

92
Q

Where is the SCN as an endogenous pacemaker?

A

Tiny bundle of nerves in the hypothalamus of each hemisphere

93
Q

What is the SCN as an endogenous pacemaker?

A

Maintains circadian rhythms
Acts as the bodys internal clock

94
Q

How does the SCN maintain circadian rhythms as an endogenous pacemaker?

A

Send info to pineal gland that when

At night melatonin releases, making you feel sleepy.
Light stops melatonin production (stay awake)

Reset by light

95
Q

What is the primary endogenous pacemaker?

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

96
Q

What are the 2 influences on biological rhythms?

A

Endogenous pacemakers
Exogenous Zeitgebers

97
Q

What are the 3 evaluations on circadian rhythms?

A

Shift work
Improve medical treatments
Individual differences

98
Q

Difference between Infradian and ultradian rhythms?

A

Different durations
- IR last over 24hrs (MC) whilst UR are less than 24hrs (SS)

99
Q

What is Brocas aphasia? (3 words)

A

Language production issue

100
Q

What is the RH sometimes known as?

A

Synthesiser

101
Q

What is the LH sometimes known as?

A

Analyser

102
Q

What areas are in both hemispheres?

A

Motor, Vision and somatosensory

103
Q

What 2 things are vision?

A

Contralateral and ipsilateral

104
Q

Explain how we see things in our left eye

A

Left visual field analysed in the right hemisphere

105
Q

What type of task did Fink et al do?

A

Visual processing task
(brain lateralisation)

106
Q

What was the visual task that fink et al made participants do?

A

Tree vs forest image with PET scans

107
Q

Why are split brain procedures done?

A

To reduce epilepsy

108
Q

Define lateralisation

A

The idea that the 2 brain hemispheres are functionally different

109
Q

What is removed during split brain surgery?

A

The corpus callosum

110
Q

In sperrys research what happened when image was shown the to LVF?

A

Verbally said ‘nothing there’
Physically able to draw with left hand what was there (Cat)

111
Q

What tasks did Luck et al find that SB people were better at than CB?

A

Odd one out tasks

112
Q

How do EEGs work?

A

Electrodes fixed to a skull cap that records brainwaves

113
Q

How do FMRIs work?

A

Detect blood oxygenation and flow changes that are a result of brain activity

114
Q

What animal was used in the animal studies with the SCN?

A

Chipmunks

115
Q

What was the animal study with the SCN?

A

80 chipmunks SCN destroyed then returned to natural habitat and observed

  • Sleep wake cycle disappeared and many killed by predators
116
Q

An examples of axon sprouting occuring

A

Constraint induced movement therapy for stroke patients

117
Q

What therapies has circadian rhythms helped?

A

Chronotherapeutics

A medical treatment that is linked to an individuals biological rhythms

Psychology - Paper 2 (3 decks)

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