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Paper 2 Psychology > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

Difference between aim and hypothesis

A

Aim- purpose of the study

Hypothesis- relationship between variables

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2
Q

Difference between directional and non directional hypothesis

A

Directional- states direction
Non directional-doesn’t

USE DIRECTIONAL VARIABLES IF PREVIOUS FINDINGS OUTLINE THE DIRECTION

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3
Q

What is a variable

A

Things that can vary and change within the investigation

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4
Q

What’s operationalisation

A

Clearly defining variables so they can be measured

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5
Q

Difference between extraneous and confounding variables

A

Extraneous- unwanted variables that can affect the IV

Confounding- change within the IV and can change the results of the DV (thing that’s measured)

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6
Q

What is participant reactivity

A

Participants acting a certain way

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7
Q

What are investigator effects

A

Unwanted influence of the investigator on the experiment

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8
Q

What is randomisation

A

Use of chance methods to reduce conscious biases

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9
Q

What is standardisation

A

Make everything the same

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10
Q

What is an experimental design

A

How participants are used to

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11
Q

Name the 4 different experimental designs

A

Independent groups- two separate groups experience different conditions

Repeated measures- all participants experience all conditions

Matched pairs- participants are paired on a variable related to the experiment then separated into one of the conditioned

Counterbalancing- control the order effects

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12
Q

What are the 4 different experimental methods

A

LABORATORY- controlled, manipulated IV, controls EV and records the DV

FIELD- natural setting, IV manipulated, records the DV

NATURAL- natural setting, change in IV natural (happened if researcher not there), records DV

QUASI- IV has not been determined variables just exist

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13
Q

What is a pilot study

A

Small scale trial run of the actual investigation to check questions and identify potential issues

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14
Q

What are the two types of pilot studies

A

Single blind- participants not told about the aims until the end

double blind- neither participants or researcher aware

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15
Q

What are the 6 different observation techniques

A

NATURALISTIC- where the behaviour would naturally occur

CONTROLLED- some control over EV and CV

COVERT- unaware they’re behind watched

OVERT- aware they’re being watched

PARTICIPANT- observer becomes part of group

NON PARTICIPANT- observer stays separate from the group

KEY NOTE- THERE IS NO IV IN OBSERVATIONS

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16
Q

What is meant by the population

A

The group of people who are the focus of the researcher

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17
Q

What is meant by the sample

A

The group of people who take part in the research

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18
Q

When can we generalise the sample

A

When it’s representative of the population

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19
Q

What are the 5 different types of sampling

A

RANDOM- everyone has an equal chance- use randomiser/ names out of a hat

SYSTEMATIC- every nth person

STRATIFIED- composition of sample reflects the subgroups (strata) of the population

OPPORTUNITY- anyone willing n available at the time

VOLUNTEER- participants selecting themselves

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20
Q

What is the sampling frame

A

Lists of people in the target population

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21
Q

What is bias

A

When groups are under or over represented

22
Q

What are the 6 aspects of ethical issues

A

Informed consent

Right to withdraw

Protection from harm

Debrief

Confidentiality

Deception

23
Q

What is the BPS code of conduct

A

Has a Code of ethics and ethical guidelines researchers must obey

24
Q

What is a cost benefit analysis

A

Do the ethical costs outweigh the need for research?

25
Q

What must participants sign (parents of children under 16)

A

Consent letter

26
Q

What is anonymity

A

No personal details most he revealed, participants stay anonymous

27
Q

What is presumptive consent

A

Smaller groups of people are asked if they agree so we presume the sample will agree

28
Q

What is retrospective consent

A

Participants asked to consent during the debrief

29
Q

What are the two types of observational design

A

Structured- simplify target behaviours using behavioural categories

Unstructured- write down everything they see, rich in detail, small scale

30
Q

What are the two sampling techniques in observational design

A

EVENT- counting the number of times a event of behaviour occurs

TIME- recording behaviour on a pre established time frame (look every 2 minutes for 10 seconds then look away)

31
Q

What is a continuous recording

A

All target behaviours are recorded- a systematic way of recording behaviour

32
Q

What is an intervening variable

A

A third variable interfering with the findings of a CORRELATION

33
Q

What are the two report techniques

A

Questionnaires

Interviews

34
Q

What are the two types of questions in a questionnaire

A

OPEN- no fixed range of answers = qualitative data

CLOSED- fixed response = quantitative

35
Q

What are the 3 types of interviews

A

STRUCTURED- pre determined set of questions asked in a fixed order

UNSTRUCTURED- like a convo no set questions just a general area of interest

SEMI-STRUCTURED- list of questions set in advance but free to ask follow up questions

36
Q

What are the 4 self report designs

A

LIKERT SCALE- indicate agreement usually 5 points (strongly disagree- strongly agree) (how much do u LIKE)

RATING SCALE- represents strength of feeling (1-10)

FIXED CHOICE- list of possible options (do u like dogs cats or horses)

INTERVIEW SCHEDULE- standardised questions the interviewer wishes to cover

37
Q

What are descriptive statistics

A

Measures of central tendency

Measures of dispersion

38
Q

What are measures of central tendency

A

Mean, median and mode (all the Ms)

39
Q

What are the measures of dispersion

A

Range and standard deviation

40
Q

What happens to cause a smaller deviation

A

Participants respond in a similar way

41
Q

Difference between primary and secondary data

A

PRIMARY- original date collected for the study

SECONDARY- already exist, been collected by someone else

42
Q

What is a meta analysis

A

Combining the findings from several studies

43
Q

What are the 4 different ways of presenting quantitative data

A

Summary tables

Bar charts

Histograms

Scattergrams

44
Q

What is a skewed distribution

A

Data leans to one side or the other (positive skew= data concentrated to the left negative= to the right)

45
Q

How can psychological research affect the economy

A

Attachment= research into role of parents affect who works

Psychopathology= affect who is absent from work and for how long

46
Q

What must the chance be for it to be significant

A

Less than 5% (>0.05)

47
Q

What is more powerful? A parametric test or a non parametric test

A

Parametric

48
Q

What is a type 1 error

A

False positive

Accepts the alternative but should accept the null

49
Q

What is a type 2 error

A

False negative

Accepts the null but should accept the alternative

50
Q

What are the 3 different types of date when it comes to statistical tests

A

NOMINAL- categorical

ORDER- ordered such as 1st or 2nd

INTERVAL- on a scale such as temp

51
Q

What is the difference between the calculated value and the critical value

A

CALCULATED- from the statistical test (s)

CRITICAL- found in the table

52
Q

What is a sign test

A

Convert the data to nominal (put signs like hearts or stars)

Count the less frequent sign (S) and compare to the less significant sign (critical value)

Paper 2 Psychology (3 decks)

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