Approaches

Question 1

What is introspection

Answer 1

Attempt to study the mind

Break up conscious awareness into thoughts, images and sensations

Use standardised procedures called structuralism

Question 2

What are the assumptions of the behaviourist approach

Answer 2

We are born with a blank slate “tabula rasa”

All behaviour is learnt

Question 3

What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning

Answer 3

CLASSICAL- learning through association

OPERANT- behaviour is maintained through consequence

Question 4

What is vicarious reinforcement

Answer 4

Individual observed the behaviours of others and imitation occurs if the behaviours is rewarded

Question 5

What are the mediational processes

Answer 5

ARRM
Attention
Retention
Reproduction
Motivation

Question 6

What is identification

Answer 6

People are more likely to imitate a behaviour of someone they identify with (a ROLE MODEL)

Question 7

What is the biological assumption

Answer 7

Everything is first biological

Evolution- Darwin proposed natural selection genetically determines behaviour which enhances survival

Question 8

What is neurochemistry

Answer 8

Actions of chemicals in the brain (neurotransmitters)- an imbalance is linked to mental disorders

Question 9

What is a concordance rate

Answer 9

How related people are

monozygotic twins (100%) have a higher concordance rate than dizygotic (50%)

Question 10

What are the two things the cognitive approach focuses on

Answer 10

Inferences- drawing conclusions about the way our mental processes work based on observed behaviour

Schemas- packages of information developed through experiences (babies have innate physical schemas for sucking and grabbing)

Question 11

What are used to understand internal mental processes

Answer 11

Theoretical and computer models

Question 12

What is the information processing approach (in the cognitive approach)

Answer 12

Information flows through the cognitive system in a sequence of stages- multi store model

Question 13

What is cognitive neuroscience

Answer 13

Study of brain structures on mental processes

Question 14

What is the brocas area

Answer 14

In the frontal lobe- damage to the frontal lobe leads to speech impairment

Question 15

What do fMRI and PET scans allow us to do

Answer 15

Scientifically observe and describe the neurological basis of mental processes

Question 16

What did Pavlov and Skinner do

Answer 16

Skinner- rat box (punishment, unpleasant stimuli)
Pos reinforcement= food
Neg reinforcement=electric current stopped
OPERANT CONDITIONING

Pavlov- dog guy
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Question 17

What is the biological approach

Answer 17

Belief that everything psychological was first biological

Must look at biological structures

Thoughts, feelings and emotions have a physical basis

Question 18

What does it mean if something has a genetic basis

Answer 18

Is inherited through genes

Question 19

What do twin studies investigate

Answer 19

Concordance rates (how similar)

Monozygotic= 100% concordance rate
Dizygotic= 50%

Question 20

Difference between genotype and phenotype

Answer 20

Genotype- genetic make-up

Phenotype- way genes are expressed through physical, emotional or behavioural characteristics

Question 21

Draw and label a neurone

Answer 21

Answer on phone

Question 22

Draw out the nervous system

Answer 22

Answer on phone

Question 23

What are the two functions of the nervous system

Answer 23

To collect, process and respond to info in the environment

To co-ordinate the working of different organs and cells in the body

Question 24

Everything involved in the endocrine system (besides HPA axis)

Answer 24

-> produces hormones

THYROID GLAND- produce thyroxine, control heart rate

PITUITARY GLAND- master gland, controls production of other hormones

HYPOTHALAMUS- activates the PITUITARY GLAND which triggers the SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (fight or flight)

ANDRENAL MEDULLA- releases andrenaline, produces physiological changes and PADASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM comes back into play once the threat has passed

Question 25

What is a gland

Answer 25

An organ in the body that processes substances such as hormones

Question 26

What is a neurone

Answer 26

Nerve cells that process and transmit messages through electrical and chemical signals

Question 27

How do the neurons flow through the system

Answer 27

SENSORY (carry messaged from the PNS to the CNS)

➡️RELAY (connect sensory to motor and other relay neurons, 97% of all neurons)

➡️MOTOR (connect CNC to effectors such as muscles or glands)

Question 28

Differences between the different neurons

Answer 28

SENSORY- long dendrites, short axons (have two short axons)

RELAY- short dendrites and short axons

MOTOR- short dendrties, long axon (also have a big cell body and long terminals)

Question 29

What are neurotransmitters and what are they divided into

Answer 29

Brain chemicals released from synaptic vesicles across the synapse

EXITATORY- increase pos charge and the liklihood of postsynaptic neuron passing on electrical impulses

INHIBITORY- increase negative charge and decrease the likelihood of postsynaptic neuron passing on electrical impulse

Question 30

What is summation

Answer 30

If the net effect on the postsynaptic neuron is inhibitory the neurone is less likely to fire

Question 31

Describe the process of synaptic transmission

Answer 31

Electrical neurotransmitters/impulses come to the end of the pre-synaptic membrane in vesicles

Vesicles release chemical neurotransmitters into the synapse and they diffuse across it down their conc gradient

The chemical neurotransmitters then lock into the special post-synaptic receptor sites of the adjacent neurone

Enzymes released to breakdown excess neurotransmitters OR they’re reabsorbed by the synaptic terminals

Vesicles are replenished with new and reused neurotransmitters, ready for the next impulse