Psychopathology

Question 1

What are the 4 definitions of abnormality

Answer 1

STATISTICAL INFREQUENCY- less common

DEVIATION FROM SOCIAL NORMS- specific to cultures, different from accepted standards of behaving

DEVIATION FROM IDEAL MENTAL HEALTH- doesn’t meet set criteria for good mental health

FAILURE TO FUNCTION ADEQUATELY- unable to cope with normal day to day life

Question 2

What is agoraphobia

Answer 2

Phobia of being outside in a public place

Question 3

Behavioural, emotional and cognitive characteristics of a phobia

Answer 3

BEHAVIOURAL-panic, avoidance, endurance

EMOTIONAL-anxiety, fear, unreasonable emotional response

COGNITIVE-selective attention, irrational beliefs, cognitive distortions

Question 4

Behavioural, emotional and cognitive characteristics of depression

Answer 4

BEHAVIOURAL- activity levels low, disruption to eating, aggression

EMOTIONAL- low mood, anger, low self esteem

COGNITIVE- poor concentration, dwelling on neg, absolutist thinking

Question 5

Behavioural, emotional and cognitive characteristics of OCD

Answer 5

BEHAVIOURAL- repetitive compulsions, compulsions reduce anxiety, avoidance

EMOTIONAL- anxiety, depression, guilt/disgust

COGNITIVE- obsessive thought, coping strategies, insight into excessive anxiety

Question 6

Behavioural approach to explaining phobias

Answer 6

Two process model- acquired through classical conditioning and maintained by operant conditioning

Question 7

What are the behavioural approaches to treating phobias

Answer 7

SYSTEMATIC DESENSITISATION- counterconditioning, gradually revise phobic anxiety n learn a different response
Involved anxiety hierarchy and relaxation (reciprocal inhibition)

FLOODING- immediately exposing to phobia, no option of avoidance (extinction)
Not ethical but aloud if informed consent given

Question 8

What is the cognitive approach to explaining something

Answer 8

How mental thought processes of beliefs affect our behaviours

Question 9

What does becks negative triad explain and what is a negative triad

Answer 9

Explains why some people are more vulnerable to developing depression

Negative triad are negative thoughts about the world, future and themselves

Question 10

What is faulty information processing

Answer 10

Attend to the negatives of a situation and ignore the positives

Question 11

What is a negative self schema

Answer 11

Package of information about themselves that is negative and they interpret all information in a negative way

Question 12

What does Ellis’s ABC model suggest

Answer 12

Rational thinking leads to good mental health and irrational thinking leads to depression as it stops us from being happy

Question 13

What does the ABC mean in Ellis’s ABC model

Answer 13

A= activating event that triggers depression as it triggers irrational beliefs

B= beliefs that are irrational/ beliefs that we must always succeed (musturbation)

C= consequence, emotional and behavioural consequences of these beliefs

Question 14

What is the cognitive approach to treating depression

Answer 14

Improving mental processes to improve mental health

Question 15

What are the two ways of treating depression

Answer 15

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)

Rational emotive behavioural therapy (REBT)

Question 16

What is cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)

Answer 16

Client and therapist work together to identify goals,

put a plan together to achieve them

and identify irrational beliefs/thoughts

Question 17

What is the behavioural element of CBT

Answer 17

Putting more effective behaviours in place

Question 18

What is rational emotive behavioural therapy (REBT)

Answer 18

Extends ABCDE
D=dispute
E=effect
Identify and dispute (challenge) negative irrational beliefs
Effect= breaking the link between activating event and the depression

Question 19

What are the two different arguments involved in REBT

Answer 19

Empirical argument= use actual evidence to combat belief

Logical argument= use logical reasoning

Question 20

What is behavioural activation

Answer 20

Working with depressed people to decrease their avoidance and isolation and increase their engagement

Question 21

What’s the genetic explanation to OCD

Answer 21

Has a Stronger biological component

Genres are involved in a individuals vulnerability to ocd

Question 22

What is the diathesis stress model

Answer 22

Certain genes leave people more likely to develop a mental health disorder

Question 23

What are candidate genes

Answer 23

Associated with vulnerability

Question 24

What does polygenetic mean

Answer 24

Combo of several genes causes

Question 25

Origins of genes vary from one person to another.

What this is called?

Answer 25

Aetiologically heterogeneous

Question 26

What is the neural explanation to OCD

Answer 26

Abnormal levels of neurotransmitters cause

Serotonin(regulates mood)= ⬇️ levels= OCD

Dopamine= ⬆️ levels= higher anxiety= OCD

Question 27

What are decision making systems

Answer 27

Abnormal functioning of the lateral frontal lobes responsible for logical thinking and making decisions cause OCD

Question 28

What does the biological approach to treating OCD include

Answer 28

Drug therapy- increasing or decreasing neurotransmitters

Question 29

What are the 3 drug treatments used to treat OCD

Answer 29

SSRIs- block the reabsorption of serotonin, an antidepressant drug
Take 3-4 month to see impact
Often used with CBT to decrease emotional symptoms

TRICYCLICS- act on various systems including serotonin, has more serious side effects

SNRIs- increase serotonin and noradrenaline
Work in similar way to SSRIs