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Psychology 1B > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

What is operationalisation?

A
  • process which contructs that can’t be directly measured and redefined in a measurable way
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2
Q

What is the difference between psychological and physiological questionnaires?

A

Psychological: more subjective
Physiological: more objective

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3
Q

Outline the operationalisation process

A
  • construct: concept being studied
  • conceptual definition: theoretical definition of construct
  • operational definition: how the construct is measured in study
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4
Q

What is the difference between a strong and weak operationalisation?

A

Strong:
- discriminative
- supported by previous research
- use multiple questions to measure complex constructs
- explicit for replication

Weak:
- vague
- doesn’t cvapture complexity of concept

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5
Q

List three common types of measurement

A
  • self report
  • observational
  • physiological
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6
Q

What is the self-report measurement?

A
  • P provide info about themselves -> interview or questionnaire
  • feelings/ actions reported with accuracy
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7
Q

What is a negative of self reports?

A
  • risk of response bias: tendency participants provide false or inaccurate response
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8
Q

What are observational measurements?

A
  • observer records participants behaviours
  • multiple observers used to reduce bias
  • different types: covert and overt
  • more objective
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9
Q

What are physiological measurements?

A
  • records biological data
  • uses specific hardware
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10
Q

List some criticisms of physiological measurements

A
  • expensive and less accessible
  • Includes level of subjectivity
  • reductionist
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11
Q

What is nominal data?

A
  • categorical data assigned numbers with no numeric meaning
  • described using mode
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12
Q

What is ordinal data?

A
  • categorical data with some order
  • no equal intervals between values
  • described using median, mode or range
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13
Q

What is interval data?

A
  • numerical data
  • values represent equal intervals between levels
  • no true 0
  • described using mean, median, range or SD
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14
Q

What is ratio data?

A
  • numerical data
  • values have equal distance
  • true 0 -> reflects absence of variable
  • described using mean, median, mode or SD
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15
Q

What are the 3 types of validity?

A
  • content validity
  • face validity
  • construct validity
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16
Q

What is construct validity?

A
  • testing if construct truly captures construct of interest
  • testing how correct what is measured
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17
Q

What is face validity?

A
  • does the construct appear to measure what it says to be measuring
  • based on researcher’s subjectivity
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18
Q

What is content validity?

A
  • does the measure capture all elements of construct
  • based on researcher’s subjectivity; considered after reviewing previous research on construct
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19
Q

What is measurement error?

A
  • instances measured value differs from true value
  • measured value = true value + error
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20
Q

What is random error?

A
  • occurs due to chance
  • natural variability in measurement process
  • unpredictable & occurs equally in both areas
21
Q

How is random error reduced?

A
  • taking lots of measurements
  • using precise instruments
  • control variables affecting constructs of interest
22
Q

What is systematic error?

A
  • occurs consistently in same direction across all observations
  • due to issues in data collection process
  • identified & avoided with proper design strategies
23
Q

How do you limit the effects of systematic error?

A
  • use multiple measures to collect data
  • callibrate instruments consistently
  • establish protocol & train experiments properly
24
Q

Tell me the research process

A

Theory -> research question -> hypothesis -> study design -> data collection -> analysis & inference

25
Q

What should a good theory have?

A
  • provide reasonable explanation for construct
  • provide benefit beyond current theories
26
Q

What are the characteristics of a good research question?

A
  • fills gaps in literature
  • answers in doubt
  • answers with important practical implications
27
Q

When does the research question stage occur?

A
  • before the identification of a theory or after forming a hypothesis based on theory
28
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

Educated guess or prediction on natural phenomenon

29
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of a strong hypothesis?

A
  • testable
  • falsifiable
  • makes a prediction
30
Q

What is a null hypothesis?

A
  • no difference or effect any experimentally observed difference due to chance
31
Q

What is an alternative hypothesis?

A
  • there’s a relationship between variables
32
Q

What is the difference between a directional and non-directional hypothesis?

A

Directional: predicts expected direction of effect
Non-directional: effect predicted but direction not specified
- two-tailed

33
Q

What is an independent variable?

A
  • variable manipulated by researcher; predictor
34
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A
  • variable measured by researcher; outcome
35
Q

What is an extraneous variable?

A
  • variable not intentionally being studied
36
Q

What is a confound variable?

A
  • extraneous variable could influence outcome of experiment
37
Q

What are social variables?

A

Qualities of relationship between participants and experimenters

38
Q

What is experimenter bias?

A

Experimenter’s behaviour giving cues for desired response or behaving differently towards participants in different conditions

39
Q

What are the 5 ways to control confounding variables?

A
  • elimination
  • constancy
  • balancing
  • double-blinding
  • statistically
40
Q

What is the control condition?

A
  • group where IV not manipulated by researcher
41
Q

What is the experimental condition?

A
  • groups where IV manipulated by experimenter
42
Q

What is the placebo control condition?

A
  • participant receive something similar to treatment but lack effectiveness
43
Q

What is the waitlist control condition?

A
  • participants placed on waitlist and told will receive treatment once experimental group receive it
44
Q

What is the comparison with best alternative?

A

P receive all treatment but experimental group receive treatment being tested, control group receive best alternative available.

45
Q

What is a type I error?

A
  • reject H1 when fail to reject it
  • conclude IV had an effect on DV when it didn’t
  • data doesn’t accurately reflect what it is in the world
46
Q

What is a population?

A
  • entire group of interest
47
Q

What is a sample?

A
  • subset of the group investigated to form inferences about population
48
Q

Why might a sample not generalise to population?

A
  • biased sample

Psychology 1B (3 decks)

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