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Psychology 1B > History and theory > Flashcards

History and theory Flashcards

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1
Q

What is science based on?

A

Observation of facts

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2
Q

What is the problem of observation?

A
  • theoretical framework and approach used in experiment
  • problem of induction -> observations are limited and general assumptions are made
  • theory- laden -> based on prior research
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3
Q

What does the discovery of Uranus demonstrate?

A
  • theory placed before observation
  • Newtonian laws predict orbit. Observation didn’t fit. Theory not rejected
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4
Q

What does the discovery of Neptune for objectivity?

A
  • Theory needed to verify the observation
  • Neptune not seen as own planet until observation
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5
Q

What is the myth of the given?

A

Mental states not directly knowable; based on prior concepts

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6
Q

What is needed to create a formal concept?

A
  • meaning to understand concepts
  • defined based on theoretical assumptions
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7
Q

What is needed for measures to be formed?

A
  • measures needed to be constructed and selected
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8
Q

What is needed for observable data?

A
  • must be analysed, collected and intepretated
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9
Q

What did early experiments do to try and be objective?

A
  • Managed subjectivity -> Likert scales, limiting responses
  • experimenter: using mechanical devices, standard procedures
  • subject: limit responses-> stats -> ^ objectivity
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10
Q

What did behaviourists do to be more objective?

A
  • direct observations removing subjectivity and observing behaviour clinically
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11
Q

State a critisim of the behaviourists observations

A
  • Level of subjectivity: decisions of what to study and when to study
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12
Q

Define operationalism

A

define concept of interest by operation of measure

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13
Q

What are the characterisitcs of operationlism?

A
  • objective definition of concept
  • concept defined by measurement
  • different operations define different concepts
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14
Q

Define convergence

A

using different measurements to measure the same thing
triangulate

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15
Q

What are the characterisitcs of convergence?

A
  • overcome limits of specific methods
  • use multiple operations and treats concepts as independent of them
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16
Q

State the criticism of convergence

A

treating concepts as different = assuming independent/event when they could go hand in hand

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17
Q

What is a benefit of replication?

A
  • Overcomes limits of specific findings
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18
Q

What is the replication crisis?

A

publications robustness of various findings and methods questioned

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19
Q

What is the crisis in social psychology?

A

methodological: problems w experiments
relevance: validity and utility
theoretical basis: social behaviour not fixed
-no claims made about humans

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20
Q

What aspects of social nature add subjectivity to psychological experiments?

A
  • demand characterisits; active particpants, not passive
  • experimenter’s effect influence study
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21
Q

How do psychologists study mind?

A

Language -> descriptions -> formal concepts -> measurers -> data

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22
Q

What are descriptions used for in psychology?

A

draw mental map of mental terriorty
- represents object as thing & makes certain features relevant

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23
Q

What are descriptions?

A
  • defines object of study and what data represents
  • descriptions impact what’s measured
24
Q

What are Metaphors used for in psychological descriptions?

A
  • Metaphors feed into formal concepts and used as shared w others
  • change overtime and have practical implications
  • emotions used to be physical now describe feelings
25
Q

Metaphors are…

A

selected from available options -> historical and cultural influence

26
Q

What do metaphors encourage psychological descriptions to do?

A
  • prompt further thinking alone similar lines
  • metaphors reflect theoretical assumptions about phenomena
27
Q
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28
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29
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29
Q
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30
Q
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31
Q
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32
Q

What is memory?

A
  • Storage/ inscription of information
32
Q

What is an example of descriptions reflecting theoretical assumptions?

A
  • Darwin: Biological and Physiological
  • Watson: Behaviourism
  • Cognitiive Revolution: emotion cognition
32
Q

What do descriptions reflect?

A
  • theoretical assumptions
  • ## change overtime as object of study changes
32
Q

What is an example of conflating descriptions?

A

Learning vs Memory:
- learning previously meant:
- gaining new skill
- first stage memorisation
- gaining new knowledge
NOT formal concept if conscious process

Newer meaning:
- rats in mazes
- children in schools
- employees at work

32
Q

What does behaviourism say about learning?

A
  • Learning = adaptive behaviour
  • Learning is a mental process not to be work produced different to behaviour memory
  • knowledge and memory is behavioural not mental
32
Q

What is a problem that occurs w metaphors and

A
  • agreed descriptions, assumptions and
32
Q

What did Woodworth argue psychology consists of?

A
  • investigation of learning, it’s fundamental but no longer conscious process
33
Q

What did Ebbinghaus believe memory to be?

A
  • memorising as performance
  • quantity of information
34
Q

What did Bartlett believe memory to be?

A
  • process not performance
  • how we remember/distort meaningful information
  • not learning or capacity to memorise natural info
35
Q

What is the computer metaphor of memory?

A
  • memory: encoding, storage, retrieval
  • distinction between STM and LTM
  • Memory is extended mind a discursive phenomenon
  • written on paper
36
Q

What is psychology’s aim?

A
  • provide reliable and valid knowledge about mind and behaviour
  • about subjects via scientific methods
37
Q

What is the boundary-work in psychology?

A
  • debunking pseudo-science
  • constructing self around category of scientific vs non-scientific
38
Q

What is psychology’s aim as a career?

A
  • making a living, profit or difference & changing minds
  • academic: teach, get published and funded
39
Q

What is psychology’s aim as applied knowledge?

A
  • provide knowledge useful to others
  • satisfy demands of education, business and government
40
Q

Define applied psychology

A

scientific psychology and real work interacting

41
Q

How did Hall connect psychology and education?

A
  • Mass education: compulsory, standard syllabi with exams. the first place research should help with
  • bureaucratic desire: improve results
42
Q

Why do businesses use psychology?

A
  • mass production: business more efficient and profit due to modern consumerism
43
Q

In what ways do businesses use psychology?

A
  • Advertising: based on psychological suggestions, testing of adverts or creating wants and solutions in customers
  • Psychological cooperation: focus groups
  • Women and mouthwash used to advance business
44
Q

How has psychology been involved with the government?

A

During WW1 psychology showed the usefulness of their knowledge
Propaganda: swaying public opinion
War efforts: mental tests personnel selection and treatments
education

45
Q

What is psychology’s aim in reflecting wider society?

A

Base assumptions about what needs changing/ explanation

46
Q

Explain how psychology influenced society in 1900s

A
  • women less rational and hysteria prone:
    psychological science state men more variable in their mental traits why men last longer
47
Q

What did Calkins challange?

A

Hysteria hypothesis and now greater focus on social factors

48
Q

Explain how psychology influenced how race was viewed in society

A

Eugenics -> Army test WW1: lower races were less evolved with lower intellect

49
Q

How was psychological research challenged in 1920?

A

racism studied as social problem -> more focus on social problems
awareness of problematic language and social culture -> investigate how this can be challenged

50
Q
A

Psychology 1B (3 decks)

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