Research Methods

Question 1

Naturalistic Observation

Answer 1

Observing behavior in its natural setting without interference or manipulation.

Question 2

Controlled Observation

Answer 2

Conducted in a controlled environment, often a laboratory, where variables can be manipulated.

Question 3

Covert Observation

Answer 3

Subjects are unaware they are being observed.

Question 4

Overt Observation

Answer 4

Subjects are aware that they are under observation.

Question 5

Participant Observation

Answer 5

Observation study where the researcher actually joins the group or takes part in the situation they are observing.

Question 6

Non-Participant Observation

Question 7

Behavioural Categories

Question 8

Event Sampling

Question 9

Time Sampling

Question 10

Give an advantage of using Participant Observation

Question 11

Give a disadvantage of using Participant Observation

Question 12

Give an advantage of using Non-Participant Observation

Question 13

Give a disadvantage of using Non-Participant Observation

Question 14

Give an advantage of using Overt Observation

Question 15

Give a disadvantage of using Overt Observation

Question 16

Give an advantage of using Covert Observation

Question 17

Give a disadvantage of using Covert Observation

Question 18

Give an advantage if using Controlled Observation

Question 19

Give a disadvantage of using Controlled Observation

Question 19

Give an advantage of using Naturalistic Observation

Question 20

Give a disadvantage of using Naturalistic Observation

Question 21

Empirical

Question 22

Random Allocation

Question 23

Variables

Question 24

Independent Variable (IV)

Answer 24

This is the variable directly manipulated by the researcher, for example the amount of caffeine induced in a study on the impact of caffeine on reaction times.

Question 25

Dependent Variable (DV)

Answer 25

The variable we believe will be manipulated by IV, for example reaction times in a study on the impact of caffeine on reaction times.

Question 26

Standardised

Question 27

Operationalised

Question 28

Replication

Question 29

Cause + Effect

Question 30

Ethica;

Question 31

Extraneous Variables

Question 32

List 5 Examples of Extraneous Variables

Answer 32

Materials
Understanding
Location
Time
Objectivity

Question 33

How might Materials (Physical Things) act as an extraneous variable in a study.

Question 34

How might Understanding (The participants understanding of the experiment or what they are expected to do) act as an extraneous variable in a study.

Question 35

How might Location (Environmental control, lighting, temperature, sound) act as an extraneous variable in a study.

Question 36

How might Time (Time allocated to do the task) act as an extraneous variable in a study.

Question 37

How might Objectivity (Bias on the part of the researcher) act as extraneous variable in a study.

Question 38

Define controls in a study.

Question 39

Null Hypothesis

Question 40

Alternative Hypothesis

Question 41

Directional Hypothesis

Question 42

Non-Directional Hypothesis

Question 43

Mean

Answer 43

The average. All answers added together, divided by the number of responses

Question 44

Median

Answer 44

The answer in the middle. Total frequency/2, then it is the answer that falls in this bracket

Question 45

Mode

Answer 45

The most common answer

Question 46

Negatively Skewed Distribution

Answer 46

The mode and median are both higher than the mean

Question 47

Positively Skewed Distribution

Answer 47

The mode and median are both lower than the mean

Question 48

Normal Distribution

Answer 48

The mode, median and mean are all approximately the same