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research methods Flashcards

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1
Q

define ‘inter observer reliability’

A

this is when one action is being observed by different researchers, each with their own opinion

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2
Q

define ‘internal validity’

A

whether the design, conduct and analysis of a study all answer research questions without any bias

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3
Q

define ‘face validity’

A

a test which must seem to test what it is meant to

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4
Q

define ‘content validity’

A

the extent a test or measurement represents all aspects of the context area

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5
Q

define ‘concurrent validity’

A

compares an old test with a new one to see if they produce similar results

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6
Q

define ‘predictive validity’

A

this is when a test can predict a future outcome

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7
Q

define ‘external validity’

A

if findings from a study can be generalised to people with different characteristics

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8
Q

define ‘temporal validity’

A

when research findings successfully apply over time

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9
Q

define ‘inter-rater reliability’

A

the degree of agreement among independent observers who rate or assess the same thing

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10
Q

what is a laboratory experiment

A

experiments conducted in artificial surroundings.

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11
Q

what is a field experiment

A

experiments conducted in natural and normal environment for the ppts

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12
Q

what are the strengths of a lab experiment?

A

good control of variables, increasing validity.
casual relationships can be determined as only the iv should be affecting the dv

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13
Q

what are the weaknesses of a lab experiment?

A

artificial surroundings may make ppts behaviour unrepresentative, lowering ecological validity. ppts could respond to demand characteristics

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14
Q

what are the strengths of a field experiment?

A

ppts are likely to behave naturally so representative results. less chance of demand characteristics

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15
Q

what are the weaknesses of field experiments

A

control of variables is harder than in a laboratory experiment lowering reliability. there may be extraneous variables affecting DV. ppts may be unaware they are in an experiment, raising ethical issues

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16
Q

what are the 3 types of experimental designs

A

independent measures, repeated measures and matched pairs

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17
Q

what are the strengths of independent measures design

A

no order effects, less chance of demand characteristics, random allocation can help reduce effects of individual differences

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18
Q

what are the weaknesses of independent measures design

A

ppt variables can distort results
more ppts are needed

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19
Q

what are the strengths of repeated measures design

A

less chance of ppt variables. counterbalancing reduces order effects, uses fewer ppts.

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20
Q

what are the weaknesses of the repeated measures design

A

order effects could distort results, more prone to demand characteristics

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21
Q

what are the strengths of matched pairs design

A

less chance of demand characteristics. no order effects, ppt variables less likely.

22
Q

what are the weaknesses of matched pairs design

A

harder to find ppts, matching criteria must be decided in advance

23
Q

describe a non directional hypotheses

A

predicts there will be an effect but not specific

24
Q

describe a directional hypotheses

A

states which condition will be best and the iv will affect the dv

25
Q

what is informed consent

A

knowing enough about a study to decide whether you want to agree to participate

26
Q

what is right to withdraw

A

a ppt should know that they can remove themselves and their data from a study at any time

27
Q

what are the psychology rules about deception

A

ppts should not be deliberately misinformed. if unavoidable, the study should minimise the risk of distress

28
Q

describe a self report

A

the ppt gives the researcher information about themselves directly

29
Q

what are closed questions

A

closed questions are questions with a fixed set of possible responses

30
Q

what are open questions?

A

questions that ask for descriptive answers in the ppts own words

31
Q

what problem do open questions have?

A

if more than one researcher is involved, there may be a lack of inter-rater reliability. the people who reply to questionnaires may all be similar and this means there could be poor generalisability
ppts may lie because of social desirability bias

32
Q

why are filler questions added to questionnaires

A

to avoid demand characteristics

33
Q

what is a structured interview

A

an interview format using questions in a fixed order that may be scripted. Consistency might also be required for the interviewers posture etc so they are standardised

34
Q

what is an unstructured interview

A

an interview format in which most questions depend on the respondents answers.

35
Q

what is a semi structured interview

A

an interview format using a fixed list of open and closed questions

36
Q

what are the strengths of qualitative data

A

uses objective measures, scales or questions are often more reliable. Data can be measured using central tendency and spread making it easy to compare

37
Q

what are the weaknesses of quantitative data

A

data method often limits responses so the data are less valid

38
Q

what are the strengths of qualitative data

A

data is often valid as ppts can express themselves exactly rather than being limited by fixed choices. Important but unusual responses are less likely to be ignored because of averaging.

39
Q

what are the weaknesses of qualitative data

A

data is often subjective and findings may be invalid as interpretation or recording of data are biased. May not be generalisable

40
Q

what experimental method involves the manipulated of an IV and is used to test cause and effect relationships

A

experimental method

41
Q

what method is an in depth study of an individual or small group, used to determine a persons thoughts, feelings and behaviours

A

case study method

42
Q

what method is used for observation of behaviour in a natural settinng

A

observation method

43
Q

what is the independent variable

A

the factor under investigation in an experiment which is manipulated to create two or more conditions and is responsible for changes in the dependent variable

44
Q

what is the dependent variable

A

the factor in an experiment that is being measured and is expected to change under the influence of the independent variable

45
Q

what is an extraneous variable

A

a variable which acts randomly, affecting the dv on all levels of the IV or systematically, so can obscure the effect of the IV making results difficult to interpret

46
Q

what is a strength of the repeated measures experimental condition

A

unlikely to distort the effect of the IV. Counterbalancing reduces order effects, fewer ppts needed

47
Q

what is a weakness of the experimental condition

A

order effects may distort results

48
Q

what is a strength of the independent measures experimental design

A

no order effects, ppts only see one level of the IV, reduced demand characteristics, reduced individual differences ( random allocation)

49
Q

what is a weakness of the independent measures experimental design

A

ppt variables can effect results, more ppts needed, may be less ethical, less effective if a small sample

50
Q

what is a strength of the matched pairs design

A

reduced demand characteristics, ppt variables are less likely, no order effects

51
Q
A

psychology (10 decks)

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