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researching inequalities > research methods > Flashcards

research methods Flashcards

1
Q

positivism

A

treat humans as objects that can be observed, measured and counted in the same way as natural phenomenon

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2
Q

quantitative data research

A

expressed in numerical form
- objective
- representativeness

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3
Q

interpretivism

A

weber - people are active conscious beings with free will
- social constuction

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4
Q

interpretivism characteristics

A
  • ethnographic
  • rapport
  • verstehen
  • qualitiative data
  • primary methods
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5
Q

positivist criticism of interpretivism

A

unsystematic and unstructured
- ethnographic research is hard to judge
- difficult to replicate

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6
Q

verstehen

A

an empathetic understanding of situations in the way that participants do

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7
Q

researcher imposition

A

bias towards the researchers thoughts and interests

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8
Q

influences on research topics

A
  1. social problems
  2. interests and values of the researcher
  3. current debates in academic world
  4. funding
  5. access to research subjects
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9
Q

primary data

A

carried out directly from the sociologist within the community

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10
Q

secondary data

A

previously collected and published

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11
Q

practical factors

A
  • cost
  • time available
  • subject matter of research
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12
Q

ethics -BSA

A
  1. no deception
  2. privacy of subjects
  3. subjects aware of research
  4. protected from harm
  5. no illegal or immoral behaviour
  6. no harm to researchers
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13
Q

hypothesis

A

informed guess that the researcher thinks might be true

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14
Q

operationalisation

A

turning an abstract idea into somethinbg measureable

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15
Q

random sampling

A

entails selecting subjects randomly from a sampling frame

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16
Q

systematic

A

pickign a subject at a regular interval within the frame

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17
Q

stratified

A

divides population into smaller frames and uses another method within each subframe

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18
Q

non random sampling

A

deliberately targeting specific groups that soicologists want to study

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19
Q

quota sampling

A

decides how many of each subframe should be included

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20
Q

purposive sampling

A

allows researchers to pick who they think fit the nature of the research

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21
Q

opportunity sampling

A

makes the msot of situations where research population is most likely found

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22
Q

snowball sampling

A

gaining access to a group is difficult - using connections of one person

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23
Q

volunteer sampling

A

advertises for research subjects

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24
Q

detecting bias

A
  • pilot studies can find misunderstandings
  • respondent validation invloves feedback on if the data was interpreted correctly
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25
Q

social survey

A
26
Q

longitudinal survey

A

studying the same group over a long period of time

27
Q

longitudinal survey problems

A
  • drop out rate
  • attatchment issues
  • expensive
28
Q

questionnaires

A

closed and open questions asked to respondents

29
Q

questionnaires benefits

A
  • non time consuming attracts participants
  • straightforward questions bring desired data
  • reach larger samples
30
Q

questionnaires problems

A
  • bias in leading questions
  • different interpretations
  • low response rates affects validity
31
Q

structured interviews

A

closed questions where passive interviewer cannot deviate from the set questions

32
Q

structured interviews benefits

A
  • conducted quickly
  • better response rate
33
Q

structured interview weaknessess

A
  • infelxible
  • fail to capture change
  • reserarcher imposition
34
Q

secondary data

A
35
Q

official statistics

A

data collected by government such as ONS or Census

36
Q

unofficial statistics

A

quantitative data collected by non governmental organisations

37
Q

statistics strengths

A
  • easy and cheap to access
  • positivist preferred
  • large representative samples
  • trends can be identified
38
Q

statistics weaknesses

A
  • not a complete picture of sociological problem
  • political abuse
  • socially constructed
39
Q

content analysis

A

media products such as adverts are used to identitfy how social groups or situations are portrayed

40
Q

content analysis strengths

A
  • cheap
  • comparitive methods
  • reliable
41
Q

content analysis weaknesses

A
  • time consuming
  • personal and political views
  • subjective
42
Q

ethnography

A
43
Q

unstructured interviews

A

guided conversation with infornal structure

44
Q

unstructured interviews strengths

A
  • qualitatie interaction
  • flexible
  • researching sensitive groups
45
Q

unstructured interviews weaknesses

A
  • researcher has to be selective
  • difficult to categorise
  • fewer particiapants
  • less representative
46
Q

group interviews/focus groups

A

investigate dynamics of groups
- children feel comfortable
- dominating personalities

47
Q

semi structured interviews

A

closed and open questions adding depth and detail

48
Q

observation

A

non participant and participant

49
Q

non participant observation

A

researcher observes an acitvity as a detached entity

50
Q

non participant strengths

A
  • detahced observation means its objective
  • not influenced by researcher views
51
Q

non participant weaknesses

A
  • observing artificial behvaiour
  • observers make personal judgements
52
Q

participant observation

A

sociologist immerses themself in the activity

53
Q

overt

A

the subjects know the observer is a soiciologist

54
Q

covert

A

sujects arnt aware of the sociologist

55
Q

participant observation strengths

A
  • researcher sees perspective of group
  • validity
  • respondent validation
56
Q

participant observation weaknesses

A
  • researcher effect
  • attachment
  • breach ethics of safeguarding
57
Q

mixed methods

A

triangulation
methodologial pluralism

58
Q

triangulation

A

combining research methods to verify validity of research findings

59
Q

the case study

A

detailed and in depth examination of one particular case or instance of something using methodological pluralism

60
Q

methodological pluralism

A

combining different research methods in order to build up a full picture

61
Q

methodological pluralism

A
  1. official stats show how many are unemployed
  2. media products assess impact of unemployement
  3. questionnaire assess local experiences
  4. unstructured interviews for qualitative data
  5. direct observation of interactions in job entres

researching inequalities (10 decks)

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