explaining gender inequalities Flashcards
feminism - first wave 1850s
- reforming social and legal ienqualtity affecting women
- educational disadvantages
right to vote (1928) - women granted access to hgiher education and employment
- child, property and marriage rights
feminism - second wave 1960-70s
- campaigns for social change
- oppression in the private sphere
national womens liberation movement conference 1970 - equal job/pay and education opportunities
- financial independance
feminism - third wave 1990s
diverse and individualistic due to globalisation
- recognised different aspects of identity
- changes to traditional sexuality ideas, gender roles and stereotypes
feminism - fourth wave 21st century
contested concept
- use the internet to bring change
- everyday sexism project
- online organisation like mumsnet
liberal feminism
gender inequality are as a result of gender role socialisation
- reinforcing norms and values will bring equality through legislation
liberal feminism - oakley 1974
gender role family socialisation, manipulation and canalisation
- teach expected behaviours for their sex
liberal feminism evaluation
radical and marxist - they fail to explain how male and female hold difference powers
- overly optimistic about progress
marxist feminism
patriarchal and capitalist societies where social class affects the life chances of women
marxist feminism - dominant ideologies
women are meant to inherit the dominant ideology because
- they reproduce the next gen of workers adn socialise them to benefit capitalism
- domestic work in unapid
- women soothe stress of a working man
- reserve army of labour
marxist feminism evaluation
emphasises of social class yet
- postmodernisms believe class is not significant
- radical feminists argue that patriarchy is more important
radical feminism
society is run by men and in their interest, they are advantaged
- they establish patriarchal ideologies that state gender division and womens natural roles
radical feminism - millett 1970
men aquire power through biological differences
modern tech has meant that men can no longer legitimate their domiantion
radical feminism - johnson 1995
patriarchal terrorism: the control fo women, systematic use of violence and economic subordination
- 30% of women experience physical/sexual abuse globally
radical feminism evaluation
doesnt acknowledge variations of families in social classes and ethnic groups
- liberal feminists argue that progress has been made
feminism - walby intersectionality
recognises the complex interplay of different forms of social inequality
feminism - walby intersectionality - patriarchal structures of disadvantage
- paid employment
- household
- the state
- cultural institutions
- sexuality
- violence
feminism - hakim preference theory
women have preferences and make rational decisions
- they chose part time work to ensure they can care for children and do housework
- men and women have relative levels of importance
feminism - hakin preference theory - 3 classifications of work/lifestyle preferences
- home centred
- adaptive
- work centred
functionalism
men and women have seperate roles based on biological differences leading to divisions of labour
functionalism - murdock 1949
studied 200 societies where
- women homebound because of their biological ability to bear children
functionalist - parsons and bales 1955
- men are instrumental and practical roles
- women are expressive and caring roles
functionalist - rastogi 2002 human capital theory
human capital is the knowledge competency, attitude and behaviour embedded in an individual
- explains the wage gap and employment differences
- incomes vary depending on investment put into developing human capital
functionalism evaluation
- oakley shows that gender roles are socially constructed
- human capital theory ignores structural constraints in society
- does not keep pace with social changes
- refer to experience of white middle class people
new right
gender roles are biologically determined
- womens are centred in the family
- nuclear family is essential for a stable and functional society
new right - schlafly response to feminism
marriage is the most fulfilling role for a women
- women are built to encourage and support the man with his physical attributes
- career success doesnt compare to satisfaction and reward of caring for a child
new right - schlafly evaluation
- biological differences for gender segregated roles have not been proven
- ignores negative effects of traditional gender roles
- the golden age never truly existed
marxism
exploited/exploiter relationship is translated into the household
capitalism allowed men to take control of women within the nuclear family
marxism - marxist feminist
women support capitalism through unpaid domestic labour and their position as the reserve army of labour
neo marxism
social structure is based on the dominance of some groups over another EG in marriages
- groups can be differentiated as minority and majority depending of the level of resources and power
marxism - evaluation
- overemphasises class and economic factors on oppression of women
- focuses on macro structural issues and neglect interaction based views
- conspiracy that bourgeoisie are unified
marxism - postmodernism evlauation
marxists view are outdated because class is no a valid differentiation between gender roles
weberianism
status helps with occupational segregation
horizontal segregation: difference in women and male roles across occupations - different hierarchy
weberianism - equal opportunities commission (2004) explanations for horizontal segregation
- human capital theory
- perceptions about different careers
- employer discrimination
- systematic barriers
weberiansim - vertical segregation
mens domination in higher ranking jobs
- glass ceiling, concrete ceiling, glass elevator
weberianism - barron and norris 1976 dual labour market
primary labour market: well paid, secure beneficial is concentrated with men
secondary market: lower pay, unsecure and fewer benefits concentrated with women due to the domination of men in primary
weberianism evaluation
- doesnt explain why the groups are segregated in labour markets
- the three dimensions examine are interrelated
