explaining gender inequalities Flashcards
feminism - first wave 1850s
- reforming social and legal ienqualtity affecting women
- educational disadvantages
right to vote (1928) - women granted access to hgiher education and employment
- child, property and marriage rights
feminism - second wave 1960-70s
- campaigns for social change
- oppression in the private sphere
national womens liberation movement conference 1970 - equal job/pay and education opportunities
- financial independance
feminism - third wave 1990s
diverse and individualistic due to globalisation
- recognised different aspects of identity
- changes to traditional sexuality ideas, gender roles and stereotypes
feminism - fourth wave 21st century
contested concept
- use the internet to bring change
- everyday sexism project
- online organisation like mumsnet
liberal feminism
gender inequality are as a result of gender role socialisation
- reinforcing norms and values will bring equality through legislation
liberal feminism - oakley 1974
gender role family socialisation, manipulation and canalisation
- teach expected behaviours for their sex
liberal feminism evaluation
radical and marxist - they fail to explain how male and female hold difference powers
- overly optimistic about progress
marxist feminism
patriarchal and capitalist societies where social class affects the life chances of women
marxist feminism - dominant ideologies
women are meant to inherit the dominant ideology because
- they reproduce the next gen of workers adn socialise them to benefit capitalism
- domestic work in unapid
- women soothe stress of a working man
- reserve army of labour
marxist feminism evaluation
emphasises of social class yet
- postmodernisms believe class is not significant
- radical feminists argue that patriarchy is more important
radical feminism
society is run by men and in their interest, they are advantaged
- they establish patriarchal ideologies that state gender division and womens natural roles
radical feminism - millett 1970
men aquire power through biological differences
modern tech has meant that men can no longer legitimate their domiantion
radical feminism - johnson 1995
patriarchal terrorism: the control fo women, systematic use of violence and economic subordination
- 30% of women experience physical/sexual abuse globally
radical feminism evaluation
doesnt acknowledge variations of families in social classes and ethnic groups
- liberal feminists argue that progress has been made
feminism - walby intersectionality
recognises the complex interplay of different forms of social inequality
feminism - walby intersectionality - patriarchal structures of disadvantage
- paid employment
- household
- the state
- cultural institutions
- sexuality
- violence
feminism - hakim preference theory
women have preferences and make rational decisions
- they chose part time work to ensure they can care for children and do housework
- men and women have relative levels of importance
feminism - hakin preference theory - 3 classifications of work/lifestyle preferences
- home centred
- adaptive
- work centred
functionalism
men and women have seperate roles based on biological differences leading to divisions of labour
functionalism - murdock 1949
studied 200 societies where
- women homebound because of their biological ability to bear children
functionalist - parsons and bales 1955
- men are instrumental and practical roles
- women are expressive and caring roles
functionalist - rastogi 2002 human capital theory
human capital is the knowledge competency, attitude and behaviour embedded in an individual
- explains the wage gap and employment differences
- incomes vary depending on investment put into developing human capital
functionalism evaluation
- oakley shows that gender roles are socially constructed
- human capital theory ignores structural constraints in society
- does not keep pace with social changes
- refer to experience of white middle class people
new right
gender roles are biologically determined
- womens are centred in the family
- nuclear family is essential for a stable and functional society
