Research methods Flashcards by Holly COOK

What are extraneous variables?

Nuisance factors that could affect the DV

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What are the types of experiment?

Lab, field, natural, quasi

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What is a lab experiment?
Positives and negatives?

Where the IV is controlled
Demand characteristics, lack mundane realism
Can control variables

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What is a natural experiment?
Positives and negatives?

Naturally occurring IV
Can control demand characteristics
Rare opportunities

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What is a field experiment?
Positives and negatives?

Natural environment
Easy to control demand characteristics
Hard to control environmental factors

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What is a quasi experiment?
Positives and negatives?

IV is a group characteristic
Depends on the location
Can’t randomly allocate

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What did popper find?

Scientific knowledge is falsifiable. Scientists should try to disprove their theories and hypothesis

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What did Kuhn find?

Grand assumptions (paradigms) and processed by paradigm shifts
scientific knowledge breaks down when paradigm hits a crisis then increases again once a new paradigm is proposed

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What is a one tailed hypothesis?

Directional hypothesis

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What is a two-tailed hypothesis?

Non-directional hypothesis, just say there will be an effect

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What are the 3 experimental designs?

Independents group, repeated measures, matched pairs

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What are wrong with independent groups? How to solve?

Individual differences, randomly allocate

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What is the issue with repeated measures? How to solve?

Order effects (familiarity). Counter balance

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What is the process on how to counterbalance for matched pairs?

Assess a variable by using a questionnaire, self report etc…
Match them up
Randomly split them into the different groups

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What are the different types of sampling?

Stratified, random, opportunity, volunteer, systematic

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What is random sampling? Positives and negatives

Randomly selecting
+ easy, quick,
- can miss subgroups

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What is systematic sampling? + and -

pick every nth number
+ equal chance of getting picked
- misses out subgroups

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What is stratified sampling? + and -

Identify subgroups and then pick randomly
+ generalisable
- time consuming

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What is opportunity sampling? + and -

Picking people closest to you
+ quick, easy
- bias, misses out subgroups

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What is volunteer sampling? + and -

Advertising the experiment and allow people to sign up
+ easy, quick, people involved want to participate
- misses out subgroups, bias

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What is the difference between reliability & validity

R - how well it can be replicated/ accurate
V - too see if the experiment sets out what it says it’s testing

What are the different ethical issues?

Consent, deception, protection from harm, confidentiality

What are the 3 ways of getting other consent?
What do they all mean?

Presumptive - asking a similar group
Prior general - asking to agree to a range of tests
Retrospective - complete a full debrief with consent after

What are pilot studies? Positives?

Small scale studies that try out your materials and procedure before you release the main study
Increases validity

What are observations? Examples?

Watching the experiment unfold Zimbardo, sane in insane places

What are the 4 types of observations?

Naturalistic vs controlled Covert vs overt (covert = dk) Structured vs unstructured (preplanned behavioural categories) Participant vs non-participant

What is event sampling?

Categories are produced prior to the observation and recorded every time they are observed

What is time sampling?

Recording whatever behaviour is being displayed at timed intervals

How do you find inter rater reliability?

Compare the results from observation, the data between the observers is consistent

What is self report?

Where the participant will report their own behaviour, emotions and feelings

What are open questions?

Explain answers with a wide range, using words and phrases

What are closed questions?

Give participants limited/fixed options to respond to

What is the test-retest? What does it improve?

Get the participants to complete the same test twice Reliability

How do we improve reliability in observations?

Operationalise Standardised procedure Piloted

What is primary data?

Data that the researcher has collected themselves

What is secondary data?

Getting findings from an external source that has already been conduced

In terms of dispersion what does the data mean?

If the dispersion is lower, the data is more consistent If the dispersion is high, the data is less consistent and has wider results

What is nominal data?