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Psychology Paper 2 > Biopsychology > Flashcards

Biopsychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

Receives information from senses and controls muscles

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2
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

Controls unconscious (automatic) function like heart rate

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3
Q

Which either the autonomic or somatic is responsible for fight or flight?

A

Autonomic

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4
Q

In the sympathetic nervous system, what happens to eyes, heart and sweat glands?

A

Eyes - dilate
Heart - increase
Sweat glands - increase secretion

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5
Q

In the parasympathetic nervous system, what happens to the eyes and heart

A

Eyes - constrict
Heart - decrease

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6
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

Glands producing hormones

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7
Q

What is a hormone?

A

A chemical messenger that affects any bodily cells

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8
Q

Example of glands and their functions?

A

adrenal gland - releases adrenaline
Testes - releases testosterone

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9
Q

What are the 3 types of neurones?

A

Sensory, motor, relay

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10
Q

What is broccas area responsible for? And where?

A

Speech production
Left hemisphere

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11
Q

What is wernickes area responsible for and where?

A

Language comprehension
Left hemisphere

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12
Q

What is broccas aphasia?

A

When damaged, they experience aphasia where speech is slowed/influent

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13
Q

What is wernickes aphasia?

A

When damaged, speech is nonsense due to incomprehension

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14
Q

What is hemispheric lateralisation?

A

The 2 sides of the brain having different and separate functions

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15
Q

What are the research to support localisation?

A

Phineus gage, Broca’s aphasia & wernickes aphasia
Clive wearing (episodic and procedural memory in diff locations)

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16
Q

What did Peterson find? What sort of study? What does this support?

A

Brain scan, found that wernickes are active during listening task and brocas during speaking tasks
Localisation

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17
Q

What did FMRI scans show and what does this go against?

A

Language is processed in other areas of the brain too. Goes against localisation

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18
Q

What else goes against localisation?

A

Recovery after trauma, phineas gage personality change

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19
Q

What is said to be lateralised?

A

Language

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20
Q

What is the role of the corpus collosum?

A

Allows information to be shared between two hemispheres.

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21
Q

What did Sperry and Gazzaniga find?

A

Split Bain research with people who had their corpus collosum severed
When shown word in right eye, they were able to sat it as language processed in left hemisphere
When shown word in left eye, right hemisphere cannot share info so they were unable to say the word BUT can draw it
Supports lateralisation

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22
Q

what is neuroplasticity?

A

the concept of the brain changing and developing in response to the environment

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23
Q

what did Maguire find and what does this suggest?

A

taxi drivers have a larger hippocampus. supports brain plasticity

24
Q

what is the hippocampus responsible for?

A

spatial memory and navigation

25
Q

what are the limitations to brain plasticity?

A

60-80% of amputees experienced phantom limb disease - brain hasn’t adapted to having no limb

26
Q

what are the strengths of brain plasticity?

A

Maguire, bezola - golf training in 40-60 year old’s showed higher motor cortex activity

27
Q

what are the mechanisms that contribute to recovery after trauma?

A

axonal sprouting, reformation of blood vessels, neural reorganization

28
Q

what are the factors that affect recovery after brain trauma?

A

age, education, perseverance in neurorehabilitation

29
Q

what are the 4 ways to study the brain?

A

FMRI, EEG’s, ERP’s, post-mortem

30
Q

what are FMRI’s?

A

detects change in blood flow (increased activity)

31
Q

what are EEG’s?

A

electrodes placed on scalp

32
Q

what are ERP’s?

A

carries out tasks repeatedly in order to detect activity while doing it

33
Q

what are post mortem examinations?

A

study of the brain, after death, on patients who had rare conditions

34
Q

what are the strengths and limitation of FMRI’s?

A

have high spatial resolution (can see exactly where)
expensive, requires them to stay still

35
Q

what are the strengths and limitations of EEG’s?

A

high temporal resolution
low spatial resolution

36
Q

what are the strengths and limitations to ERP’s?

A

good temporal resolution
requires you to get rid of background noise which is hard

37
Q

what are the strengths and limitations to post-mortem?

A

improve medical understanding
only can study structure, may not have full consent

38
Q

what are endogenous pacemakers?

A

internal time keepers

39
Q

what are exogenous zeitgebers?

A

external cues

40
Q

what are circadian rhythms? example?

A

24 hour cycle - sleep wake cycle

41
Q

what are infradian rhythms? example

A

more than 24hours - menstral cycle

42
Q

what are ultradian rhythms? example?

A

less than 24hours - sleep cycle

43
Q

what is the endogenous pacemaker that maintains our sleep/wake cycle?

A

suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) in hypothalamus

44
Q

what did Siffre do and find?

A

cave study - cut out all exogenous zeitgebers. found we have a free running 25 hour sleep/wake cycle

45
Q

what did Aschoff and Weaver find and what does this support?

A

participants spent 4 weeks in WW2 bunker, all but one settled for a 24/25 hour cycle. supports siffre

46
Q

what did Folkard find and what does this support?

A

altered the time on the clocks. only one participant was able to comfortably adjust

47
Q

what is a negative to the studies into rhythms?

A

all allowed artificial light, extraneous variable as maybe reset their cycle
siffre, case study, not generalisable

48
Q

RWA for circadian rhythms?

A

shift work - accidents occurring around 6am

49
Q

what did McClintok find and what does this support?

A

rubbed pad with donor sweat on upper lip of women. 68% of women said their periods moved closer to donors cycle

50
Q

what is SAD and what does it show?

A

seasonal affective disorder - low levels of light

51
Q

what did DeCoursey find and what does it support?

A

SCN severed in chipmunks then released into the wild
no regular sleep/wake cycle, nearly all died. supports SCN (endogenous pacemakers)

52
Q

what did Ralph find and what does this support?

A

Bred hamsters with sleep/wake cycle of 20hours. Implant SCN into baby hamsters and they have 20h cycle. Support SCN

53
Q

what did Campbell and murphy find and was does this suggest? Or go against?

A

shone light on back of peopls knees, disrupted their sleep/wake. light acts as an exogenous zeitgeber
SCN as endogenous pacemaker as back of knees have one

54
Q

What is localisation?

A

Functions such as memory and speech are localised to particular regions of the brain

55
Q

What did Lashley find and what does this support?

A

Rats ran maze, destroyed their brain cortex
Ability to re-run maze affected by how much brain cortex destroyed not areas
Holistic view

56
Q

How do you work out summation in synapse?

A

Excitatory - inhibitory = total
Total has to exceed threshold to initiate AP

Psychology Paper 2 (3 decks)

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