Research Methods Flashcards

Question

2. Search the literature (Conducting a systematic Review)

Answer 1

Define SEARCH TERMS on RELEVANT DATABASES and DATES So youre choosing time frame Using key/relevant words

Answer 2

Papers youve found meets inclusion criteria? Go hrough titles and absteact to decide whethe rto include You want Randomised controlled trials in your research then kick out the research that doesnt have it. Do this for the resz of your inclusion criteria

Answer 3

Bias/quality assessment

Answer 4

Write out about bias/quality, results, exclusion etc Basically everything you did but putting it onto word

Answer 5

Should only be done in the context of final step of a systematic review (but optional step)

Answer 6

Descriptive: sumarrise and desrcibe data set Concrete and known values Inferential: Use probability to infer/ draw conclusiosn about larger population from smaller samle data Abstract/estimated

Answer 7

Just names categories eg gender, age, monolingual etc

Answer 8

Categories and their RANK Eg 1st, 2nd and 3rd place or disagree, slightly disagree, agree etc But "distance" between values are not known eg whether 1st and 2nd place were 1s or 10s apart

Answer 9

Categories are ranked on a SCALE So the quantities are meangful because you know the interval between them and greater range of stats can be calculated

Answer 10

Categories are ranked, on a scale and has a TRUE ZERO, but there is no negative values eg height Can be used in ratios

Answer 11

Discrete: Nominal and Ordinal Dataset has fixed number of values Eg categories monolingual and bilingual or on likert scale 1 2 3 4 5 and no 1.5 Continous: interval and ratio theoretically there are an infintie number of values.

Answer 12

-central tendency: most typical/represntaitive socre -dispersion: how much do values vary around central value oImportant to look at and rpeort both

Answer 13

Most senstive measure--> senstibe to outliers Eg averga incoeme in UK will seem inflated if you take into account the few billionaires and caluclate the mean. Real value will lie somewhere closer to the median value Thats why its important to visualize your data!

Answer 14

Point/value that divides data values in equal halves

Answer 15

Value that occurs most often

Answer 16

difference betwen highest and lowest value

Answer 17

Box plot--> Line up data into fourths Lower quarter and upper quarter together make the interquartile range, this accounts for 50% of values The outliers are added to the box in the form of "whiskers"

Answer 18

1. Calculate mean 2. Each value - mean 3. Square value from step 2. 4. Add up all the values 5. Divide by the number of values - 1 hard to interpret because doesnt show spread in terms of original units

Answer 19

Is the square root of variance Get better sense of spread of values than with variance The larger the SD, the larger the variance/ data is more dispersed

Answer 20

Mean, median and mode are the same value Most interval meausures should produce normal distributed data

Answer 21

Measure of asymmetry in a distribution Positive skew = less values at the positive end, values clustered at negative end Negative skew: less values at negative end, values clustered at positive end Central tendency will be further in the direction of the skew : mean> median > mode In box plot, median line will no longer be in the middle

Answer 22

Refers to the PEAK and DISPERSION of the data--> how "squished" it is Platykurtic ("flat) : values are more dispersed so curve is flatter Leptokurtic ("lept") : distriution is more peaked

Answer 23

Number of ways the event could arise / number of possible outcomes In statistics, probabilty expressed from 0 to 1 1 = 100% 0.5 = 50% 0.05 = 5%

Answer 24

Epistemology--> what is knowledge Making observations, gathering very many of them and then coming up with a conclusion Positivism: Observations reflect reality Can we as scientists observe the truth? Post-positivism: the truth is out there as long as we develop a good enough questionnaire/experiment Limitations: -no matter how good the experiment, you cant make an unbiased judgement -importance of context -truth and experiences are not culturally relevant around the world

Answer 25

Constructionism: Our perception of reality is very much determined by our community/social factors Contextualism: Truth is not universal and its relative to context Eg take an image of a sportsperson, crop out the body and only keep face--> without its entire context its doesnt give the same impression so a different judgement is easily made

Answer 26

Shift away from positivism Use naturalistic setting where people express their views and thoughts that researchers can anaylse -Inductive research -Through interviews, focus groups, diaries etc -Experiential--> naturally occuring beliefs, behaviour and narratives -Take as long as necessary -Rich, detailed knowledge of topic area (not limits to how much you can gather unlike quantitative which has strict limits according to the hypothesis)

Answer 27

Interested in how people experience a particular phenomena--> interested in their personal perception, how did different people perceive the same thing? how does the chocolate bar taste to you?

Answer 28

You have/start with a general question, then you collect more and more data Inductive approach: focus group arrives, you look at inital data. Keep gathering data that gets more and more specific until you get a to a specific quesition. You build you data from the intial focus group The goal of grounded theory is to develop a theory that is grounded in the data, rather than being imposed on the data from a preconceived theoretical perspective.

Answer 29

Focus on language HOw does language construct our social reality: HOW people say things, how LOUD theyre speaking, their TONE etc--> minute details of language and behaviour

Answer 30

Small q: quantitative questionnarie but with open ended questions Big Q: open ended, inductive recount/exploration and experience

Answer 31

1.Planning Literature review Rationale Ethical approval 2. Data COllection Recruitment Organise focus groups/ interviews transcription 3. Data Analysis and write up Coding Data anaylsis Reflective anaylsis Full report

Answer 32

People from a particular group talk/recount their experience of something related to this "group" they belong in Eg how do service users with BIPOLAR DISORDER experience RECOVERY and SELF MANAGEMENT

Answer 33

exploring and understanding how individuals or groups carry out specific activities, tasks, or practices within a particular context.

Answer 34

How people UNDERSTAND their own experiences and PERCEIVE the world around them Eg how do unusual sensory experiences affect people with AS (austism spectrum) in their lives

Answer 35

Asking people more directly "what do you think impacts your decision to ..." Eg factors that influence parents' food purchasing behaviours

Answer 36

A conversation with a purpose not question-answer question-answer but a flowing conversation. -Specialized and specific sampling: Not randomized because questions can be very specific to sample and if eg backgrounds of participants is very differnet its hard to be cohesive Ethical issues: Sensitivity, confidentiality and allowing participant to guide researcher into whatever they feel comfortable talking about. Questions should be relevant to research but also not too intrusive Transcript: Word for word recording. Can takw this back to particiapnt and ask if they are okay/comfrotable with it being in the research Reflexivity: Work out if you as researcher have been biased, log your challenges, how you felt, did you mb agree to heartily to smth they said because it was smh u also felt strongly about etc

Answer 37

Wording question in a way that feels conversational and relaxed and starting the interview with general questions (not necessarily to do with research question yet) Indirect questions: "what do you think other people might think of..." and they might follow up with their own experience Allow silence, give time to think about answer and good active listening! Playback what you think the person is saing to make sure youve understood them corrwctly and they have a chnace to answer you Prompts can also be used rather than questions: Photoelicitation oe vigenttes

Answer 38

- participant can go off topic and make the whole interview about a specific topic that they are very passionate about, making it difficult for you to steer towards the quesions towards the research quesiton you want - time and resource intensive

Answer 39

Recorded group interview Study the social interaction, where interviewer is faciliatator Good for conscinetiousb ess issues where people dont agree and you can see how responses are elicited and expressed--> do views get modified through group discussion? Naturalistic social interaction (bit researcher has less control so have to be careful abou going off on tangents)

Answer 40

+Good for conscinetiousness issues where people don't agree and you can see how responses are elicited and expressed--> do views get modified through group discussion? +Naturalistic social interaction -Researcher has less control so have to be careful about going off on tangents) +Efficient because you can get data from 4-6 people -can be difficult to transcribe: who is speaking? +Empowering for people, collective sense -People, especially when they dont know eachother, have a higher tendency to agree with eachother rather than have a discussion about it

Answer 41

+ better accessibility -technical hitches, making it less naturalistic than face to face Synchronous and Asynchronus Audio/Visual Text

Answer 42

Record experience over a period of time. Clear instructions that diary entry completed at specific intervals and as repsonses to certain events +Ppl recounting their feelings in the moment rather than reflecting on it later on Disadvtange: Drop out rates higher No control/idea of environment of person while writing

Answer 43

+ access larger amount of people +Talking about sensitive issues is easier because anonymity +practical and accessible -trustworthiness: do people really meet the screening charactersitics/what reseacher is searching for -digital divide: no access to people thjat dont have access to online survey eg more likely to get info on people who are more well off and younger generation who know how to use tech

Answer 44

-Participatory Approach: Generally in positivist/quantitive research ur the expert. Participant is the expert in the qualitative approach--> they have made the experience of a certain situation so they know more about it that u do. "Partnership between participant and researcher" , they're more involved less passive Informed consent: at the end to check in and ask if they're still okay with the data they have produced to be used. Consent at the beginning and at the end of experiment/interview Anonymity: not just about removing their names, but also about other people, places etc that are mentioned because they can be recognized

Answer 45

Whatever method u use to collect data your gather, you're making a story/ narrative Starts with research question Then data collection (through whatever methods/means u decide to use) With this data, regardless of the research question or method used, you're creating a NARRATIVE or story Text to data (transcription happening) and then PATTERN BASED ANALYSIS: similarities, differences that come up again and again in the text to identify themes and sub themes

Answer 46

Orthographic: Everything that has been said and who said it Jeffersonian: what was being said and how (voice goes high, how they laugh etc) No correction of incorrect grammar, include all the "ums" and "ah" and "like"s Engaged with making transcript as soon as possible so you can pick it up correctly

Answer 47

You have resrach question but not many prior assumptipns as to what youre going to find. Line by line with data and see what patterns are emrginng Transcipt-- line by line coding-- focused codes (codes relevant to research question)-- neagtive sampling l(ooking for evidcne against that code)-- theoriteicyl

Answer 48

difficult to replicate lack of transparency practical challenges