Mental Health and Wellbeing Flashcards

Question

1- Cognitive Triad (Becks Cognitive theory of Depression)

Answer 1

Negatives views of self, your experiences and future

Answer 2

Stable patterns with which we conceptualize the world Smthg bad happens enough times you start to see and notice a "pattern" and this creates a negative "schemata"

Answer 3

Arbitrary inference: drawing unjustified conclusions Personalisation: assuming things/comments are direct at oneself (usually negative),even when they arent Overgeneralisation: seeing things as "always" and "never"

Answer 4

Not a tool for diagnosis of depression, just a measure of severity

Answer 5

Previous attempts Family history of poor mental health Personality disorders Substance abuse Bipolar disorder: -unemployed -Depression (rather than mania -living alone (lacking social connections) -male LGBT

Answer 6

1. Pre-motivational phase: Environment and life events happen/ are not looking great. Not thinking of suicide just yet 2. Motivational phase: Not coping well, problems continue, memory bias, thoughts about future, resilience and attitudes challeneged --> feeling defeated 3. Volitional phase: Planning, access to means, impulsivity etc

Answer 7

Recurrent obsession which are not pleasurable, knowing that these are unreasonable. Consistently living with these obsessive thoughts despite knowing lengths that they have to go are unreasonable but is a viscious cycle--> behaviour has to be done to reduce anxiety. Behaviours can take up a lot of time and stress, hindering a person from going about their daily life/ activities and functioning

Answer 8

"Obsession" is the unwanted thoughts/concerns that the person has, these are hard to ignore, eg -concern about dirt and germs -symmetry concerns etc "Compulsions" repetitive behaviours/actions the person feels compelled to carry out eg -cleaning and washing because concern about germs -ordering, striaghtening, counting etc because of symmetry concerns Clearly excessive, causing significant impairment inb social and occupational and other important areas of unctioning

Answer 9

Hair pulling disorder Like a craving Automatic hair pulling--> person does it without noticing or focusing Focused hair pulling --> deliberately pulling out hairs, searching for eg "perfect hairs"

Answer 10

Aka compulsive skin picking/ dermatillomania Similar to trichotillomania

Answer 11

Mental health issues were associated with a person being possessed or controlled by a supernatural being such as a demon or spirit -Flogging: beating spirit out -Psychosurgery/ trephining: hole drilled into the skull to release demon

Answer 12

Psychological illness viewed as having brain-related/biological basis, so there must be a medical answer/treatment to it Hippocrates makes theory based on body fluids eg yellow bile associated with anger, irritability -Asylums: for people who diverge from the norm-> societies unwanted -Centrifugal force bed: bed to "balance mental and bodily functions" Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): emulates seizure. Symptoms of severe depression subside short term Transcranical magentic stimulation (TMS): magnetic pulse to brain "switches off" short term the parts of the brainassociated with depression

Answer 13

-Self reporting, no actual testing -few disorders actually have biological basis

Answer 14

Mental/psychligical processes are the cuas of mental issues

Answer 15

Developed by Freud Patient must gain insight into inner conflict--> unconscious must come to surface Free association: Every fleeting thought is said out loud Dream analysis: underlying meaning? Reactions: -resistance, pateint avoids facing such thoughts -transference, feelings for siginifcant other transferred to therapist

Answer 16

All people have tnhe cpaacity to grow and develop to heir best self--> this will be faciliated byn a therpist Client centered therapy: Client determines goals and pace Open questions, therpist also shares experiences--> NO diagnoses, criticism, advice etc Make person feel safe not challenged

Answer 17

Challenging the negative thoughts because theyre not helpful, SO therapist tries to help client reconstruct positive thoughts Aversion therapy: make you feel sick when youre exposed to a certain environemtn/stimulus eg alcohol--> association formed between two so you stop drinking Exposure therapy

Answer 18

State anxiety: In the moment anxiety, triggered by specific event eg fire alarm Trait anxiety: personality trait, someone may be more prone than others to become anxious in their day to day

Answer 19

factors that increase the negative relationship between text anxeity and performance 1. Evaluative settings 2. Speeded timed conditions 3. Negative feedback 4.Difficulty of task

Answer 20

factors decreasing the relationship between test anxiety and performance (that will make test anxiety affect performance less) 1. Structured setting 2. Social support 3. provision of reassurance

Answer 21

2 components of test anxiety: -Affective (emotionality) --> Getting emotional as a response to the anxiety eg. feeling jittery, stomach getting upset, nervous Cognitive component (worry) --> worrying about failing, consequences etc and this can interfer with your performance during the test

Answer 22

Way of measuring test anxiety

Answer 23

-Listing aloud the thoughts you usually have during a test -Physiological measures: body temp, pulse etc -Direct behavioral observations eg biting nails, excessive body movement etc

Answer 24

Distal factors: Increase the LIKELIHOOD of a TA response -Biological Disposition: genetics plays a role in vulnerability to repond with worry in stressfull situations Diathesis x Stress model--> its an interaction between genetic factors and the environment -Primary socializartion: ur caregivers/famliy. Negative parenting style? Aversive? Lack of warmth?

Answer 25

Proximal factors: directly associated with a TA response 1social reference group: 2group reference norms 3competitive environment 4perceived control

Answer 26

Social reference group: SELF CONCEPT How you perceive yourself and your abilities will change depending on how your peers/ people around you are doing Big fish little pond effect: eg big fish = high achieviing student, little pond = small school Group reference norms: BEING COMPARED to others

Answer 27

Focusing on development and achievement of other people is negative. Trying to outperform others is not good. Focusing on own mastery is key, dont compare yourself to others

Answer 28

Having a CHOICE eg you have to write an essay: do you get to choose 1 out of 5 options or are you given no options? Allows adjustmenet to external events, giving ownership and sense of control

Answer 29

To reduce physical arousal On its own, ineffective in reducing test anxiety

Answer 30

To reduce worry and irrational intrusive thoughts -Figuring out source -Practice positive/optimisitic thinking -Learn to adjust attention Works to reduce TA, even better when combined with Emotion-focused

Answer 31

Imrpoving study ans test taking skills -Time management training -LEarning to make goals -creating study plans -Strategies for test itself Positive impact on for those with poor study skills and high TA

Answer 32

Some anxiety/ stress / arousal is needed to reach peak performance Tired and bored < Ideal > stressed and restless

Answer 33

Stress as a RESPONSE, which is purely physiological, non-specific aka reaction to all kinds of stressor and universal Model states that there are 3 stages of stress: 1. Acute response--> smth happens/stresso rstimulus and u perceeive it as a threat 2. Defensive mechanisms --> we cope with the stress, it is effort (eg talking to friends, alcohol) 3. Exhaustion --> theres only so much you can handle

Answer 34

Amygdala recognizes fear Sends distress signal to hypothalamus , which acts as a control center that will send signal all over the body Evolutionary survival mechanism for PHYSICAL danger, however fight or flight has adapted and learned to kick in in situations that arent "life or death"--> eg emotional stressors like public speaking

Answer 35

stressors can be live events or demands made by the extenral environment that can stimulate stress--> this will vary depending on the person

Answer 36

Distress: Bad kind of stress that affects performance and can lead to illness and death. Threatening and unpleasant and this stress is a reponse to something that is out of your control Eustress: Good kind of stress--> change in life is arousing you but it is not a bad event eg new house, new job. Yo have a degree of control so even if your cortisol lvls are higher and youre tired, your performance is still high and good sense of self efficacy

Answer 37

Smth that is stressful day to day eg relationship not woirkung, workload, commute etc Impact of chornic stressors: Youre in the exhaustion phase of the GAS model most of the time can cause burnout and is associated with poorer mental health, sleep and substance use

Answer 38

Stress is an interaction/transaction between a person and their environment Itd an imbalance between situational demands and personal resources

Answer 39

1. Potential stressor <--> primary and secondary appraisal <--> coping strategies <--> stress response

Answer 40

Primary appraisal/ interpretation: Is this stimulus harmful or a threat? Secondary appraisal Assess whether you can cope with it? Do I have abilities and resources to cope with this imbalance that has been brought into my life?

Answer 41

Avoiding/ignoring the stressor hoping it eventually disappears. Maintaining artifically positive viewpoint

Answer 42

Facing the stressor --> how can i tackle this -ACCEPTANCE thats its not just gonna go away -EXPOSURE to stressor and related experiences7thoughts -UNDERSTANDING the meaning of the stressor and why its stressing you out

Answer 43

trying to be creative and adjust how you are appraising/interpreting it in the firsg place. Change the way you look at the stressor

Answer 44

Why dont all people participate in health screenings?--> Health Belief Model This model assumes that people will engage in health behaviours to RECOVER/AVOID/CURE illness Original model included 4 aspects, perceived: -Susceptibilty: How likley/ssusceptible do you think you are to getting this illness? If you dont think ur susceptible then why would you go -Severity: How bad is it gonna hit u -Benefits -Barriers: is screening accessible? What do I need to do/prep to get a screening

Answer 45

-perceived barriers is the strongest predicotr (so far) -model assumes everyone has equal access to information (so people may know that they are susceptible and that issue can be severe but they do not have the means because of some kind of barrier or not receiving info) -Doesnt take into account other motivations that are not related to health

Answer 46

The most powerful factor in whether or not we will go trhough with a health behaviour is our INTENTION. According to this model, there are two principle construxts which motivate our behaviour: 1. Behavioural beliefs--> attitude towards the behaviour--> intention--> behaviour How STRONG are the behavioural beliefs eg do you truly believe eating fruit will help you quite smoking? Will it really make a difference to your habits/life/smoking? If you truly believe then your attitude towards the behaviour changes and you will get the intetion to do it and eventually actually do it 2. Normative beliefs --> subjective norms --> intention--> behaviour What are other people doing? What does society/the people around you expect you to do? Will you be criticized or laughed at if you go through with this behaviour? Does their opinion/how youre perceievd matter to you?

Answer 47

-model assumes we will make use of all info available to us at that we are completely rationale beings - model assumes behaviours are all under our intentional control: not every behaviour is equally in our control -some behaviours reqiure skill, timy, resources, opportnity etc...

Answer 48

Elaboration/continuation of Theory of Reasoned Action, 3 predicting factor included: Perceived behavioural control Control beliefs --> perceived behavioural control --> (intention-->) behaviour Do we actually believe WE CAN perform this behaviour? Eg overcoming addiction, youre given a list of things you can do to overcome it but do you really think its achievable? The amount of control we perceive ourselves to have can be affected by past experiences (eg tried to overcome addiction but hit an obstacle or continually failed)

Answer 49

Measuring the likelihood of pursuing a helath behavioour is influenced by 3 factors: 1. Attitude towards behaviour Eating more fruit and veg is valuable to me 2. Normative beliefs Most people I know whos opinion matter to me would approve of this behaviour 3. Perceived control I am confident that if i wanted to, I could

Answer 50

This model tries to cover everything but it cant -no guidance/say as to how to change behaviour -possibly too static (things change with time) -possibly too rational Other components should be added? Eg: -how much REGRET if you go through with behaviour? -how will you FEEL about yourself? -does this behaviour line up with how you perceive yourself/your identity?

Answer 51

The 6 stages of change belong to this theory Aim to address the intention-behaviour gap, because sometimes you vry much have the intetion of doing smth eg new years resoultions or being sober in october but you dont follow through-- why is that? 1. Motivational stage: everything that comes before the intention has formed. Everything leading up to getting the intention to do something 2. Volitional stage: ends in successful performance of behaviour These stages are defined by our current intentions and past behaviours and what are the pros and cons of this behaviour? eg are you gonna be miserable every night?

Answer 52

1. Pre comtemplation Living life, engaging in a certain behaviour 2. Contemplation Notice this particular behaviour and notice its not a good one -- wouldnt it be nice to change this behaviour? 3. Preparation talking to people, thinking about how youre going to do it, buying books etc 4. Action 5. Maintenance 5. Relapse (but you might go back to the contemplation phase)

Answer 53

There are multiple levels of influence in our behaviour, and these levels intercat with eachother . We cannot only blame an individual for harmful behaviours Public policy <--> community <--> individual etc