Research Methods Flashcards
Define the term lab experiment and explain 2 strengths and 2 weaknesses
- highly controlled environment artificial environment where iv controlled to see effect on do. Conditions manipulated
- high control over extraneous variables as conditions manipulated. Cause and effect can be established between iv and dv. Increases internal validity
- high in reliability. As conditions can be repeated again in same conditions to check for consistent results
- low in ecological validity as it is an artificial environment cant generalise findings to elsewhere. Lowers external validity
- prone to demand characteristics as ppt can change their natural behaviour by picking up clues and hints the researcher might give off. Ppt may help or hinder the research lowers internal validity.
Define field experiment, 2 strengths, 2 weaknesses
- a naturally environment such as school or office where the researcher manipulates iv to see effect on dv.
- high in ecological validity as it is a natural environment can generalise findings to real setting. High external validity
- less prone to demand characteristics as it is natural environment less likely to pick up clues and change natural behaviour. High internal validity.
-Low in reliability as can’t repeat is same conditions to check for consistent results
- ethical issue of lack of informed consent as ppt not aware they’re being observed
Natural, 2 strengths and weaknesses
- naturally environment with naturally occurring iv
- high ecological validity as natural environment can generate to real life setting. Increasing external validity
- iv naturally occurring so no manipulation
- low control over extraneous variables as natural environment difficult to establish cause and effect between iv and dv. Lowering internal validity
- naturally occurring event may rarely happen difficult to repeat to check for consistent results
Quasi
- Iv based on existing individual difference between ppl which researcher has not manipulated
- quasi can be conducted natural or controlled environment
- sample bias as difficult to generalise target pop so reduce external validity
Naturalistic observation 2 strengths and weaknesses
- natural behaviour observed in natural environment. No manipulation
- less prone to demand characteristics
- high ecological validity
- low in reliability- difficult to replicate
- lack of informed consent
Controlled observation 2 strengths and weaknesses
- conditions are manipulated carried out in artificial environment
- high in reliability
- high control over extraneous variables
- low ecological validity
- prone to demand characteristics
Overt observation
- ppt are aware they’re being observed researcher is present
- more ethically appropriate ppt give their consent
- prone to demand characteristics as they know they being watched and can pick up clues
Covert observation
- ppt dk they being observed, researcher is hidden (cameras, 2 way mirror)
- less prone to demand characteristics
- lack of informed consent
Participant observation
- researcher is involved with the ppt , data collected with being part of group
- in depth understanding of behaviour, feelings and emotions increasing internal validity
- researcher bias, researchers own thoughts and behaviours may impact reducing the internal validity
Non ppt observation
- researcher is not involved with the group, data collected from a distance
- reduced chance of researcher bias increases objectivity increasing internal validity
-less likely to gain in-depth understanding of behaviour
Behaviour categories
- create operationalised categories which are specific to what ur observing
- to make it more measurable
Time sampling
Tallying behaviour in set time interval eg every 2 mins
Event sampling
- observer decided on specific events and they’re recorded every time within a set period of time eg 60mins
Self report
-ppt give info abt thoughts feelings and behaviours
- questionnaire or interview
- open or closed questions in questionnaire
- interview structured or unstructured
Questionnaire
- asking large sample of ppl for info abt a specific topic, involved pre set written questions, good representation of target pop
- reduced investigator effects as they do not have to be present and can not influence ppt answers increasing internal validity
- lead to social desirability ppt may light to present themselves in the best possible light , lowering internal validity
Correlation analysis strengths weaknesses
- no manipulation of variables so can study sensitive issues that may raise ethical issues or may be inappropriate to manipulate.
- it is difficult to establish cause and effect between the 2 co variables as other intervening variables could have been responsible for the relationship found. This lowers the internal validity.
Correlation co efficient
The number from a correlation stats test which tells us how strong or weak a correlation is. -1 strong neg +1 strong pos. The closer to 0 the weaker the correlation is.
Directional and non directional correlation hypothesis
Non directional
- there will be a significant difference between (co variable 1) and (co variable 2)
Directional
- there will be a significantly positive or negative relationship between (co variable 1) and (co variable 2)
Difference between correlation and an experiment
In experiment the researcher is looking for a difference where the IV is manipulated to measure effect on dv. It’s possible to establish cause and effect between iv and dv
Whereas
In correlation it shows a relationship between 2 co variables and there is no manipulation by the research so cause and effect cannot be established.
Content analysis + strength and limitation
The process of analysing qualitative data and turning it into quantitative by identifying meaningful codes that can be counted and presenting the data in a graph
Easy to assess the reliability of the findings and conclusions as the researcher can access the materials and use the coding system to ensure findings are consistent
Researcher bias as the content that confirms the researchers hypothesis is more likely to be identified and recorded compared to the content that contradicts their aims and hypothesis. Lowers internal validity.
How a content analysis is designed
-Read the transcript / video
- identify / create codes (categories)
- review transcript/ video and identify and tally each time a code appears
- present quantitative data in graph
Thematic analysis
The process of analysing qualitative data and identifying themes enabling us to present data into qualitative form .
How is thematic analysis carried out
- watch video to create transcript
- re read transcript
- identify coding categories
- combine these codes into 3-4 themes that are linked
- present data in qualitative form
Case study + strength and weakness
An in-depth study done on one person or one group. They can be done over a long period of time with techniques such as interviews observations questionnaires . Data can also be collected from family and friends.
provides in depth detainee insight of behaviour that would be difficult to manipulate
Low population validity as only one person. Difficult to generalise to target population