Approaches

Question 1

Introspection

Answer 1

• focuses on present experience
• an individuals conscious experience is systematically analysed
• they focus on an object whilst listening to a metronome noticing their sensations feeling and images
• the results are broken up into components of thoughts images and sensations

Question 2

Research of wundt

Answer 2

• father of psychology
• he set up first psych lab in Germany 1879, published first psychology book and established the subject as an independent branch of science
• he used controlled environments and scientific methods such as introspection
• he later developed by cognitive psychologists who study our thoughts and mental processes

Question 3

The psychosexual stages

Answer 3

Freud suggests that we are born with an id and the id has innate sex energy that wants satisfaction. He suggested the 5 development stages. The child must resolve conflict at each stage before progressing into next if not then they become fixated.

Oral 0-1 :
- gratification of id received from mouth such as dummies thumb sucking
- untesolved conflict at this stage can lead to oral fixation - smoking biting nails

Anal 1-3 : gratification of id gained from withholding or expulsion of faeces.
- can lead to anal retentive personality- perfectionist or anal expulsive - messy

Phallic 3-5: exploring own genitals
- lead to phallic personality- narcissistic

Latency 6-12 : earlier conflicts repressed

Genital 12: sexual desires alongside puberty
- difficulty forming rs

Question 4

Learning approach pavlovs research

Answer 4

Classical conditioning is learning through stimulus response associations. Pavlov conditioned dogs to salivate to a bell sound. the US was food, UR was salivation , NS was the bell. When dogs were presented with food Pavlov rang the bell at the same time . The dogs learnt to associate food (UCS) with the bell NS. The bell became CS and salivation became CR

Question 5

Operant conditioning skinner

Answer 5

Operant conditioning emphasises the importance of consequence (learning through rewards and punishment) . Skinners research hungry rats were places in a box and everytime the rat pressed the lever it was rewarded with food. This behaviour was repeated as rats were conditioned to press lever through positive reinforcement. Skinner ran electrical current across floor. The rats would move around until it knocked the lever as the lever would stop the current. The rat repeated this as it learnt that by pressing the lever it would avoid unpleasant consequence.

Question 6

Learning approach ao3

Answer 6

can be criticised for environmental determinism. This is because it is controlled by external factors such as learning through neutral stimulus associations or being rewarded for behaviour. Eg learning theory feeder and pleasure. Therefore this neglects the role of free will and choice as they don’t have control over their behaviour. Limiting the explanation

It has practical applications as the idea that behaviour is caused by classical conditioning has lead to treatment is systematic desensitisation which treats phobias by having them unlearn their maladaptive association by gradually exposing them to the phobic stimulus whilst using relaxation techniques. Therefore an important part of applied psychology

Critisised for environmental reductionism. This is because it reduces complex human beviour down into simple units such as stimulus associans or rewards. It neglects a holistic approach which would take account of ppl social and cultural context would influence a behaviour. Therefor lacks validity no context.