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Jess Cornthwaite Psychology > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

Define correlational study

A

A RM which looks at the relationship between two or more co-variables without manipulating them

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2
Q

Define longitudinal study

A

A study which examines the same individuals over an extended period of time

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3
Q

What is the longitudinal study on attachment, health and well-being in Germany called?

A

KiGGS

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4
Q

What is a meta-analysis?

A

The systematic merging of findings of singular studies using statistical analysis to calculate an overall effect. A study of studies

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5
Q

What is a strength of meta-analysis?

A

The sample size can be huge and so real similarities and differences can be examined - including cross-culturally

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6
Q

What is a weakness of meta-analysis?

A

Inconsistency between the methodology of the studies analysed might mean that they are not directly comparable. Bad studies may be included

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7
Q

List types of non-random sampling

A

Opportunity

Volunteer

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8
Q

Define random sampling

A

Every P has an equal chance of selection, eg names in hat

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9
Q

Outline a strength and weakness of random sampling

A

Strength / sample should be representing the target population and so not be biased
W/ difficult to achieve - time-consuming, expensive and not always possible (might not know names of all people in target population)

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10
Q

Would it be possible to conduct random sampling in a school?

A

Yes, all names are known

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11
Q

Would it be possible to conduct random sampling in a town?

A

No, not all names are known. Movement in and out is fluid and ppl may not yet have registered that they’ve moved in or out

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12
Q

Stratified sampling is…

A

When the researcher works out the core characteristics of a population and constructs their sample proportionally on that basis, eg school has 40% female and 60% male and so the sample would too

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13
Q

Systematic sampling is…

A

Asking every nth person, eg every 3rd person walking down the street or every 10th name from a hat

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14
Q

What is a target population?

A

The group of people from whom your sample is drawn. Who you want your results to apply to.

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15
Q

What is generalisation?

A

The method of applying the findings of particular research to members of the target population as a whole, eg Buss (1989) used 37 samples from Accross the world and generalised to a target population of all humans!?!

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16
Q

What is an aim?

A

What the researcher wants to investigate

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17
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

An idea which is formulated as a prediction which is subject to falsification

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18
Q

What is the black swan hypothesis?

A

The scientific idea that it’s better to try to disprove the idea that “all swans are white” by finding the one black swan

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19
Q

What is the difference between a directional and non-directional hypothesis?

A

Directional - one-tailed - predicts the direction, eg girls will remember more numbers from boys
Non-directional - two-tailed - just states that there will be a difference

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20
Q

What is snowball sampling?

A

When one person or a small group of P direct the researchers to additional P

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21
Q

What does operationalising variables mean?

A

Ensuring that variables are in a form in which they can be tested, eg happiness is tested by self-report questionnaires

22
Q

Are self-report questionnaires a reliable way to measure happiness?

A

No, P may lie or may interpret “happiness” differently which will affect the consistency of findings

23
Q

What is meant by experimental design?

A

Literally- the design of the experiment. Which P take part in which conditions (sections) of the experiment

24
Q

What is independent measures?

A

Also known as independent group design. Each P only takes part in one condition. Often used when groups are mutually exclusive, eg age, ethnicity, gender.

25
Q

What is a repeated measures design?

A

When P take part in both conditions. Order effects are eliminated through counter-balancing

26
Q

What are order effects?

A

The idea that performance improves with practise and so may affect the results

27
Q

What is a matched-pairs design?

A

When each P in group 1 is matched with a P in group 2 in terms of characteristics that might matter, such as age and IQ on a memory test

28
Q

What is a case study?

A

An in-depth investigation of a single group or person, often using a variety of different methods , eg Little Hans

29
Q

A positive correlation is…

A

When two co-variables increase together

30
Q

A negative correlation is…

A

When an increase in one variable is associated with a decrease in another

31
Q

Zero correlation is…

A

A messy scatter/graph! No relation between variables.

32
Q

3 types of interview are…

A

Structured - all Q pre-written and to be followed in set order.
Semi-structured - set themes to be discussed.
Unstructured - one over-arching theme . Like a conversation

33
Q

Can you collect quantitative data from an unstructured interview?

A

No, it’s words. Qualitative data by thematic analysis

34
Q

List 3 types of questionnaire

A

Postal
Online
Face-to-face

35
Q

What are the 3 main problems with questionnaires?

A

People may lie
Questions often closed for coding so lack detail - and real answer might not be there
Low response rate

36
Q

What do Loftus and Palmer show us about the validity of responses to questionnaires?

A

It’s important to word questions carefully so that they are not leading as failure to do so affects the truthfulness

37
Q

Main strengths of questionnaires?

A

Cheap
Quick
Easy
Can access large sample sizes - particularly if online
Can collect vast amounts of quantitative data - if closed questions
Can also collect qualitative data - if open questions

38
Q

Name 4 types of observation

A

Overt participant
Covert participant
Overt non-participant
Covert non-participant

39
Q

Are observations structured or unstructured?

A

Can be either depending on how designed (according to aim). Bandura conducted a controlled one

40
Q

Work out the question from this answer. A small-scale study conducted to test the feasibility of intended methodology for a future study.

A

What is a pilot study?

41
Q

Whose research was meant to be a pilot study?

A

Milgram’s - but the Germans were not different!

42
Q

What is a cohort study?

A

A type of longitudinal study in which P share key characteristics such as age. The KiGGS study is an example as all P were born at the same time. BiB (Born in Bradford) is not as new P are added

43
Q

What is triangulation?

A

Using more than one research method to improve validity and get to the truth

44
Q

Two ways to assess and assure reliability are…

A

Test - retest

Inter-observer

45
Q

What is meant by test-retest reliability?

A

Assessing the same P twice using the same tool of measurement to see how much their data coheres

46
Q

What is inter-observer reliability?

A

The extent to which there is agreement by two observers, eg when classifying behaviour as aggressive in an observation

47
Q

What is peer review?

A

When two or more experts review a research article sent to a journal for publication. They assess the methodology and design, findings and conclusions. They provide feedback which may determine whether the article is ultimately published by the editor. This helps to prevent faulty data entering the public realm, eg with the MMR Autism scandal

48
Q

What is a problem with peer reviews?

A

They slow publication down. Also the internet means that people can publish online not through a journal. You can also pay £20,000 and have a free-access article published online

49
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary data?

A

Primary - collected by self for the purpose of the investigation
Secondary - collected by others for different purposes and used by you

50
Q

List 4 types of validity

A

Face - appears true
Concurrent - concurs with other findings
Temporal - can be generalised to other historical times
Ecological - can be generalised to other (real iLife) settings

Jess Cornthwaite Psychology (6 decks)

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