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Psychology > Research Methodology > Flashcards

Research Methodology Flashcards

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1
Q

Null hypothesis

A

No relationship between variables. One does not affect the other

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2
Q

Experimental hypothesis

A

There is a relationship between the variables. One affects the other.

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3
Q

One tailed experimental hypothesis

A

predicts nature of IV on DV

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4
Q

Two tailed experimental hypothesis

A

IV will have an effect on DV, but direction not stated

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5
Q

IV

A

Independent variable. What the researcher changes

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6
Q

Example of an IV?

A

quantity of drug given

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7
Q

DV

A

Dependent variable. What the research measures

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8
Q

Example of a DV?

A

Time taken to complete a task

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9
Q
  • Where are lab experiments conducted?

- What does this allow for?

A
  • In a well-controlled environment

- Accurate measurements

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10
Q

What does the researcher decide in a lab exp.? (3)

A
  • Where exp. will take place
  • Which P’s will be involved
  • What circumstances exp. will be under
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11
Q

What sort of procedure is used in a lab exp.?

A

A standardised procedure.

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12
Q

examples of lab experiments? (2)

A
  • Asch

- Mori and Arai

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13
Q

What are the 3 kinds of experimental method?

A
  • Laboratory
  • Field
  • Natural
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14
Q

Where are natural experiments conducted?

A

In the everyday environment of P’s

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15
Q

Does the experimenter have control over the IV in a natural exp.? explain.

A

No, because it occurs naturally in real life

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16
Q

Where are field experiments conducted?

A

In the everyday environment of P’s

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17
Q

Does the experimenter have control over the extraneous variables in a field exp.? explain.

A

Not high control, because IV manipulated in real-life setting.

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18
Q

example of a field experiment?

A

Waiting room experiment

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19
Q

extraneous variables?

A

outside variables that cannot be controlled by the experimenter and affect the results of the study

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20
Q

Operational variables?

A

How you will define and measure a specific variable as it is used in the study.

21
Q

Target population

A

The group of people studied.

22
Q

Sample

A

A group of people chosen from the target population to be studied

23
Q

What 2 things must a sample be?

A
  • Representative of the target population

- Unbiased

24
Q

What must the people in the sample be?

A

As varied as much in characteristics and behaviours as those in the target population.

25
Q

Random sampling?

A

Every member of the target population has equal chance of being selected

26
Q

Advantage of random sampling?

A

For very large samples it is the best chance of an unbiased representative sample.

27
Q

Disadvantage of random sampling?

A

Time consuming if very large population is used

28
Q

Stratified sampling?

A

Dividing the target population into important subcatagories

29
Q

Advantage of stratified sampling?

A

Deliberate effort made to make it representative

30
Q

Disadvantage of stratified sampling?

A

Can be time consuming

31
Q

Volunteer/self-selecting sampling?

A

Using individuals who have chosen to take part in the study

32
Q

Advantage of volunteer/self-selecting sampling?

A

Convenient and ethical if it involves conformed consent

33
Q

Disadvantage of volunteer/self-selecting sampling?

A

Can be unrepresentative

34
Q

Opportunity sampling?

A

Selecting people available at the time

35
Q

Advantage of opportunity sampling?

A

Quick, convenient and economical

36
Q

Disadvantage of opportunity sampling?

A

Very unrepresentative samples, often bias by researcher who subconsciously selects people who are ‘helpful’

37
Q

Quota sampling?

A

The researcher decides what categories they want to represent

38
Q

Advantage of quota sampling?

A

Helps ensure small minority groups are represented

39
Q

Disadvantage of quota sampling?

A

Not always representative as proportions of small groups are distorted- must be combined with another method.

40
Q

Systematic sampling?

A

People are selected at fixed intervals from target population

41
Q

Advantage of systematic sampling?

A

Generally representative, avoids researcher bias

42
Q

Disadvantage of systematic sampling?

A

Some people may be excluded if list is incomplete

43
Q

Experimental design?

A

A set of procedures used to control the influence of participant variables in an experiment

44
Q

Independent groups

A

participants are divided into 2 or more groups, each group with a different experimental condition.

45
Q

How are participants sorted into independent groups?

A

By random allocation

46
Q

Repeated measures

A

Each participant takes part in every condition under test

47
Q

Matched pairs design

A

Pairs of participants are matched in terms of key variables, 1 member of each pair is placed into the experimental group, the other into the control group

48
Q

Give 2 examples of key variables

A

IQ, age

49
Q

Participant variables?

A

Characteristics of participants that may affect the outcome of the study

Psychology (11 decks)

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