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Relationships Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain the social exchange theory

A
  • All human behaviour is a series of exchanges, people try to max rewards and min costs
  • People exchange resources with the expectation they will gain a profit
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2
Q

Give 2 examples of costs

A
  • money

- time

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3
Q

Give 2 examples of rewards

A
  • sex

- care

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4
Q

What does commitment depend on?

A

The probability of the outcome

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5
Q

How does the social exchange theory help explain why people stay in abusive relationships?

A

When the investments are high, and the alternatives are low, the relationship can still be considered a profit.

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6
Q

Comparison level

A
  • The standard against which we judge all our relationships.
  • A product of experiences in other relationships and our general views of what we expect from the exchange.
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7
Q

What happens if the we judge the profit will exceed our CL?

A

We will judge the exchange as worthwhile and the partner will be seen as more attractive

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8
Q

What happens if the profit will be negative?

A

We will be dissatisfied with the exchange, and the partner will be seen as less attractive.

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9
Q

Explain the comparison level for attractiveness

A

Weighing up potential increase in rewards from a new partner, minus any costs associated with the current one.

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10
Q

What are the 4 stages of relationships, according to the social exchange theory?

A
  • Sampling
  • Bargaining
  • Commitment
  • Institutionalisation
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11
Q

What does sampling involve? (2)

A
  • Considering costs

- comparing to other potential relationships

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12
Q

What does bargaining involve? (2)

A
  • Giving/recieving rewards

- considering deeper commitment

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13
Q

What does commitment involve? (3)

A
  • Intimacy increases
  • Relationship becomes more predictable
  • Costs lower
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14
Q

What does institutionalisation involve?

A

Norms are established as pattern of exchange within relationship

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15
Q

Give 2 strengths of the social exchange theory.

A
  • Relevant to different types of relationships

- Explains individual differences

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16
Q

Give 3 weaknesses of the social exchange theory.

A
  • Does not address why people leave relationships without alternatives, or how big the disparity needs to be for someone to leave a relationship.
  • Exclusively focuses on individual perspectives, ignores social aspects of relationships
  • Selfish in nature, may only apply to individualist cultures
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17
Q

Describe attachment between infant and caregiver, according to Bowlby

A

A behaviour pattern rooted in behaviour and biology.

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18
Q

What is the purpose of attachment? What is it the same regardless of?

A
  • To keep the infant safe through closeness to caregiver to allow infant to explore and experiment within a safe context and to develop a loving and mutual relationship.
  • Ethnicity or culture
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19
Q

What type of drive is attachment? What does this allow?

A
  • Innate

- Long-term benefits and ensures we stay close to food and protection

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20
Q

What does adaptive mean? (attachment)

A

It increases the chances of survival and production

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21
Q

Define primary attachment

A
  • Significantly important attachment
  • All other relationships form a hierarchy
  • The person that responds most sensitively to social releasers
  • Forms the foundations for emotional development, self-esteem and future relationships
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22
Q

Secondary attachments

A
  • ‘Safety net’

- We lack social skills without them

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23
Q

Internal working model

A
  • Group of concepts a child learns regarding what to expect from relationships
  • Depends on the type of trust e.g. trust/uncertainty
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24
Q

Maternal deprivation hypothesis

A

When a child doesn’t form an attachment during the sensitive period or when the attachment is disrupted, this results in serious, long-term developmental consequences later in life.

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25
Q

Why are strong male and female features attractive, according to research?

A

They indicate good health

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26
Q

What do increased levels of hormones support?

What could survival to adulthood mean?

A

The immune system.

A strong immune system

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27
Q

What is facial symmetry seen as?

A

More attractive

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28
Q

Give 5 factors of attractiveness

A
  • Physical attractiveness
  • Mutual liking
  • Similarity
  • Exposure
  • Proximity
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29
Q

What do are physically attractive people also seen to be and have? (2)

A
  • Psychologically attractive

- Desirable character traits

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30
Q

How is context important in attractiveness?

A

Perceptions of attractiveness change with circumstance

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31
Q

What factors of similarity do we look for in other people?

A
  • Looks
  • Attitude
  • Beliefs
  • Values
32
Q

Why is similarity a factor in attractiveness?

A

We are more likely to agree more with and have more shared with people like us.

33
Q

Descibe mutual liking

A

We are more likely to like people who like us and who consistently say good things about us

34
Q

Gain-loss theory

A

We like people more who start off disliking us and then change their minds than those who like us from the start.

35
Q

Name 3 evolutionary/socio-biological theories.

A
  • Adaptiveness
  • Sexual selection
  • Natural selection
36
Q

Adaptiveness

A

Behaviours continue if they maximise an individual’s survival and reproduction

37
Q

Sexual selection? (2)

A
  • Process by which different traits are passed down through generations.
  • Based on the fact that they make it more likely for a member of species with that trait to survive and breed.
38
Q

Natural selection

A

Features of organisms that allow them to survive in their habitat.

39
Q

What did Buss (2007) propose? (3)

A
  • Human relationship behaviour is designed for reproductive sucess
  • Men in short-term have evolved a higher desire for casual sex as it is associated with a higher likelihood of reproductive sucess
  • Women lack this desire as they can only produce 1 child a year.
40
Q

What did Buss (2003) argue? (2)

A
  • Selection strategies differ in males regarding long-term dating
  • Both genders are careful in picking mates to avoid wasting valuable resources
41
Q

Who conducted ‘the strange situation’?

A

Ainsworth et al

42
Q

What was the aim of tWhat was the aim of the strange situation?

A

To create a method to test attachment strength between infant and others

43
Q

What was the method/procedure of the strange situation?

A
  • 106 middle-class infants
  • Labortatory experiment
  • Experimental room
  • 9X9 foot square, 16 squares recording infant movement
  • 8 episodes highlighting different behaviours
  • Data collected by group of observers collected every 15 seconds
44
Q

What 5 things did the observers look for in the strange situation?

A
  • Proximity seeking
  • Exploration and secure base behaviour
  • Stranger anxiety
  • Separation anxiety
  • Response to reunion with caregiver
45
Q

How was behaviour scored in the strange situation?

A

On a scale from 1-7

46
Q

What were the results of the strange situation?

A

3 distinct behaviours were observed;

  • Secure attachment
  • Insecure-avoidant
  • Insecure-resistant
47
Q

Secure attachment (5)

A
  • Explore happily
  • Regularly go back to caregiver
  • Show moderate separational distress and stranger anxiety
  • Require and accept comfort from caregiver
  • About 60-75% of British toddlers
48
Q

Insecure avoidant (5)

A
  • Seek greater proximity
  • Don’t seek proximity/show secure base behaviur
  • show litte/no reaction when caregiver leaves
  • Make little effort to make contact when caregiver returns
  • About 20-25% of British toddlers
49
Q

Insecure-resistant (4)

A
  • Explore less
  • Huge stranger and separation distress
  • Resist comfort when ruinited with caregiver
  • About 3% of British toddlers
50
Q

Give 2 strengths of ‘the strange situation’

A
  • Attachment style predicts behaviour later in life. It has been supported by outcomes that secure attachment results in better outcomes e.g. romantic relationships, and insecure attachment results in more challenging outcomes, e.g. bullying.
  • Reliability=90% (different observers agree on attachment styles)
51
Q

Describe the stage theories of relationships

A

Describe relationship development as a series of stages

52
Q

What does the stage theories of relationships assume? (3)

A
  • Each stage is a prerequisite of the following stage
  • Each stage is quantitatively different
  • We typically make sudden shifts to a new plateau of understanding and behaviour.
53
Q

What are the 5 stages of relationships?

A
  • Acquaintance
  • Build-up
  • Consolidation
  • Deterioration and decline
  • Ending
54
Q

Acquaintance

A

Meeting up, attractiveness, similarity

55
Q

Build-up

A

Closeness develops, interdependence as we reveal more of our private selves

56
Q

Consolidation

A

Long-term pledges, commitment

57
Q

Deterioration and decline

A

e.g. due to lack of efforts/rewards/if alternatives are available

58
Q

Ending

A

The relationship ends when partners agree to separate/ one leaves

59
Q

Give a strength of the stage theory

A

Some stages are typical of most relationships

60
Q

Give a weakness of the stage theory

A

Relationships do not follow a linear pattern

61
Q

What does the matching hypothesis theory propose?

A

People look for partners of hte same level of attractiveness as themselves

62
Q

What does the matching hypothesis theory suggest?

A
  • More socially desirable people expect their partner to be more socially desirable
  • Couples who are matched are more likely to have a happy and enduring relationship
63
Q

What did Walster et al (1966) suggest?

A

Our choice of a potential partner is influenced by another’s desirability and the likelihood of forming a relationship with them.

64
Q

What was the aim of Walster et al’s experiment?

A

To see if after going out with a person if a person will express greatest liking for a person of approximately the same social desirability

65
Q

Method of Walster et al’s experiment?

A
  • ‘Computer dance’ at a US uni
  • Ticket holders rated by panel on scale of attractiveness, filled out a questionnaire about themselves (supposedly to match themselves with an appropriate date, in fact the matching process was random.)
  • During dance, couples asked to rate their dates
  • All P’s contacted 4-6 months later and asked if they had continued to see their dates
66
Q

Results of Walster et al’s experiment?

A

Overriding factor in whether the dates liked each other was attractiveness, not matching

67
Q

Conclusion of Walster et al’s experiment?

A

Findings seem to support the claims of the evolutionary theory rather than the matching hypothesis theory.

68
Q

Give 2 strengths of Walster et al’s experiment?

A
  • Large sample used

- Well-controlled experiment

69
Q

Give 2 weaknesses of Walster et al’s experiment?

A
  • Used photos to judge attractiveness- low ecological validity
  • Cultural differences between what people find attractive can affect results
  • Different to generalise results
70
Q

Who proposed the SVR theory?

A

Murstein (1976)

71
Q

What are the stages of the SVR theory? (3)

A
  • Stimulus stage
  • Value stage
  • Role stage
72
Q

Stimulus stage

A

Physical attributes- we are generally attracted to people of a similar age and appearance

73
Q

Value stage

A

Compare ourselves with those of a potential partner, and continue if compatible

74
Q

Role stage

A

Roles shared out to build a relationship

Distribution works best if roles are complimentary

75
Q

Give 2 strengths’s of Murstein’s (1976) SVR theory

A
  • Deals with factor s rather than sequential stages like Levinger.
  • All factor are influential throughout relationship
76
Q

Give a weakness of Murstein’s (1976) SVR theory

A

-Overrelies on ‘relational rules’ and assumes conformity to traditional roles and socila conventions , while relationships are unique

Psychology (11 decks)

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