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CMSD6980 Research Methods > Research Fundamentals and Research Design > Flashcards

Research Fundamentals and Research Design Flashcards

1
Q

What is Research?

A

Systematic investigation to establish facts, principles or generalizable knowledge

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of Research? (3)

A

Challenges the status quo
Creative
Systematic

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3
Q

What are the Characteristics of Experimental Science? (9)

A

Systematic
Public
Peer review
Empirical Testing
Experimental Control (not always included)
Probabilistic Knowledge
Replication
Objective
Neutral

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4
Q

Explain the Model of Scientific Thought:

A
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5
Q

What are the characteristics of GOOD theories? (6)

A
  • Account for existing data
  • Explanatory value
  • Predictive value
  • Testable
  • Parsimonious
    Efficient explanation
    Only as complicated as necessary
  • Tentative: modified as new evidence becomes available - confirmed or not confirmed
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6
Q

What is the role of hypotheses in research? (2)

A

Makes prediction
Implicitly assumes alternative relationships are possible

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7
Q

Does a research question have a prediction?

A

No prediction

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8
Q

What are the intent of Research vs. Practice?

A

New knowledge (unknown benefit if any) vs treatment (assumed benefit)

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9
Q

What are the intents of Research vs. Practice?

A

New knowledge (unknown benefit if any) vs treatment (assumed benefit)

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9
Q

What are the innovations of Research vs Practice?

A

Novel practice vs customary practice

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10
Q

What are the plans of Research vs Practice?

A

Uniformity (Research tends to collect and analyze data as a group) vs individualized (Clinician you aim to do that because of individual clients)

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11
Q

What does it mean that ‘’ a Researcher Must Act with Integritiy’’? (7)

A
  • Pursue questions that are relevant and meaningful and address important issues
  • Design research well using valid and reliable practices
  • Carry out research completely
  • Report results honestly and accurately
  • Report authorship accurately
    On reports
    No plagiarism
    Academic Integrity
  • Manage conflicts of interest
  • Manage resources honestly
  • Consider consequences to society
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12
Q

What is the REB?

A

Research Ethics Boards

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12
Q

What is the REB?

A

Research Ethics Boards

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13
Q

What is the definition of the REB?

A

Groups in an institution responsible for reviewing research proposals that will involve human subjects to determine adherence to ethical principles

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14
Q

What are the roles of REBs?

A

REBs approve, reject, propose modifications to, audit, terminate research involving human subjects within an institution

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15
Q

Research involving human subjects includes: (3)

A
  • human participants,
  • human biological material
  • human data
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16
Q

What doesn’t need an REB Review? (4)

A
  • Research that does not involve human subjects
  • Research on living individuals based on publicly available information (e.g., newspaper articles, biographical accounts)
  • Naturalistic observations (special case)
  • Quality assurance studies, performance reviews or testing within normal clinical or education requirements (i.e., use internal to organization)
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17
Q

What are Naturalistic observations? (4)

A

No personal identifying information
Behaviour naturally occurring
Environment not staged
Behaviours are innocuous and neither revealing nor embarrassing

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18
Q

What are the two rights that need to be balanced in your research by REB reviews? (2)

A
  • Rights and welfare of participant
  • Right of an experimenter to seek knowledge
19
Q

REB reviews focus upon: (6)

A
  • Attainment of ethical principles
  • Scientific merit
  • Risk – Minimizing it & Risk-benefit ratio analysis
  • Recruitment of participants
  • Informed consent processes and documents
    Disclosure, comprehension, voluntariness, competence
    If deception, well justified & plans for debriefing
  • Data storage & management - Confidentiality
20
Q

What are the important concepts to remember? (4)

A

Respect human rights and dignity
Respect for person / community
Risk-Benefit Analysis
Just

20
Q

What does it mean to Respect human rights and dignity? (2)

A

Morally acceptable ends
Morally acceptable means (methods) to those ends.

20
Q

What does it mean to Respect for person / community? (4)

A
  • Free and informed consent (autonomy)
  • Respect and protect the vulnerable
  • Recognition of traditionally exploited groups
  • Respect for privacy and confidentiality and anonymity where possible
21
What does the important concept to make an analysis Risk-Benefit mean? (2)
Benevolence Non-maleficence
22
What does the important concept to be just? (2)
Fair Inclusive
22
What are 3 research paradigms (Models/Examples)?
Quantitative Qualitative Single-subject
23
What are the two research types?
Experimental vs Observational/Descriptive/Non-experimental
24
What are the differences between Quasi and experimental designs?
Quasi the groups aren't randomly assign to groups Experimental you randomly assign them to the treatments
24
What is Descriptive research?
The research just looks at the data and not try to assign any treatment to subjects
24
What are examples of Descriptive Research? (5)
Developmental Normative Correlational & Predictive Qualitative Case study
24
What is the difference between Basic vs. Clinical/Applied research?
- Basic research Used to develop, define, and test theory Not motivated by practical application Knowledge for knowledge’s sake May have clinical/applied implications; not directly tested - Clinical or applied research Directed toward an immediate practical problem
25
What are the three types of variables?
Independent Dependent Confounding/ Extraneous
26
Describe Independent Variables? (2)
Experimenter manipulates Active vs assigned
27
Describe Dependent variables?
Influenced by or co-varies with independent variable
28
Describe Confounding/Extraneous variables? (3)
Things that vary but not the focus of the study Can affect results so try to control or minimize May be beyond the control of experimenter, try to account for
29
Variables are _________________, _____________________, ___________
Operationally Defined Reliable Valid
30
What are the two main types of Experimental Validity?
Internal Validity - Construct Validity - Statistical Conclusion Validity External Validity
31
Describe Internal Validity. (2)
- Degree to which the causal relationship is properly demonstrated - Higher internal validity has more control over extraneous variables to eliminate or lessen their effect on DV so can state more confidently that the changes in the DV are the results of manipulation of the IV
32
What are threats to internal validity? (11)
- History (External influences over time Interaction between Different Treatments (in text under construct validity)) - Maturation (Internal changes over time Between sessions Within session) - Testing Effects (Interaction between Testing and Treatment in text under construct validity) - Instrumentation (Are changes in the measuring tools influencing findings? Appropriate calibration of instruments Humans as instruments - Who collects the data Training, evidence of reliability between testers Biases – e.g., experimenter/interventionist collecting or scoring data, testers blinded?) - Statistical Regression to the Mean -Participant Selection & Assignment (inclusion criteria Exclusion criteria Homogenious Groups Random assignment Matching Match then random) - Subject Attrition(Mortality) - Diffusion or Imitation of Treatment - Compensatory Equalization of Treatment - Compensatory Rivalry or Resentful Demoralization
33
What are measurements/ instruments used in internal validity? (2)
- Reliability and validity of measures - Meaning of the variables within the study Does label match how operationalized? Construct Underrepresentation
34
What is the meaning of experimenter expectancies in internal validity?
- Participants/observers/testers ‘guess’ what experimenter wants & act accordingly Participants knowing purpose of study, group they are in changes behaviour Tester knowing group assignment - Rosenthal effect - Placebo effect - Hawthorne effect
35
External Validity describes:
How well you can extend findings from your study to a population of interest IRL How generalizable
36
What are threats to External validity? (5)
Selection of Participants (Heteregenious group favored) Setting (Experimental Arrangements) Time Reactive Testing Multiple Treatment Interactions
37
What is the Rosenthal Effect?
High expectations lead to improved performance and vice versa
38
What is the Placebo Effect?
Person's physical or mental health appears to improve after taking a placebo or 'dummy' treatment
39
What is the Hawthorn effect?
Modification of behavior by study participants in response to their knowledge that they are being observed or singled out for special treatmen
40
What is Maturation?
Threat that is internal to the individual participant. It is the possibility that mental or physical changes occur within the participants themselves that could account for the evaluation results.
41
What is Testing Effect?
Threat to Internal Validity When scores on the post-test are influenced by simple exposure to the pre-test.

CMSD6980 Research Methods (7 decks)

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