Research / EBP

Question 1

3 elements of evidence based practice

Answer 1

• best available data
• clinical competency/experience
• preferences and specific needs of the patient

Question 2

distinction between odds ratio and risk ratio

Answer 2

risk ratio: the probability of an outcome in an exposed group to the probability of an outcome in an unexposed group. RR of 1 = exposure does not affect risk.
- RR under 1 risk decreases, RR over 1 risk increases

odds ratio: strength of the association between two events, A and B
- OR over 1.5 small effect; OR over 4 large effect

Question 3

2 types of clinical questions

Answer 3

• background (general knowledge, context)
• foreground (specific, linked to clinical situations)

the more expert we become, the more we ask foreground clinical questions

Question 4

pyramid of evidence in research

Answer 4

Systems
Summaries
Synopses
Syntheses
Studies
Foundational Resources

Syntheses
1. Meta-analyses
2. Systematic Reviews
Studies
1. RCTs
2. Cohort studies
3. Case-controlled studies
4. Case-studies/reports

Foundational Resources
- textbooks, narrative reviews, etc.

Question 5

difference between systematic and scoping review

Answer 5

• scoping skips the critical analysis portion. “scope” our the terrain. systematic is higher level of evidence.

Question 6

what is the PICO research question method

Answer 6

population
intervention
comparison
outcome
time

Question 7

difference of purpose of quantitative vs qualitative studies

Answer 7

quantitative:

• explain and predict
• conform and validate
• test theory

qualitative

• describe and explain
• explore and interpret
• build theory

Question 8

RCT is a what type of study?

cohort / case-control / cross-sectional studies are what types of studies?

Answer 8

experimental study

• RCTs
• controlled/uncontrolled trials; w or w/o randomization

observational studies

• cohort study
• case-control study
• cross-sectional study

Question 9

difference between types of observational studies

Answer 9

cohort studies

• incidence studies
• observe group w/o condition

cross-sectional study
- prevalence studies

cohort study
- find cause comparing group with condition to group without

Question 10

validité (validity) vs fidélité (reliability)

Answer 10

validité / validity:
- does the test measure what it tries to measure

fidélité / reliability:
- are the results of the test stable (intra-rater; inter-rater; test-retest; internal consistency)

Question 11

sensitivity and specificity

Answer 11

Sensitivity measures the proportion of positives from a test that are correctly identified
- (e.g., the percentage of sick people who are correctly identified as having some illness).

Specificity measures the proportion of negatives from a test that are correctly identified
- (e.g., the percentage of healthy people who are correctly identified as not having some illness).