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Health & Age 1BB3 > Research Design, Demography > Flashcards

Research Design, Demography Flashcards

1
Q

categories of research issues:

A

age effects
period effects
cohort effects

aka APC effects

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2
Q

age effects

A

occur due to physical decline

ex. slower response time

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3
Q

period/environmental effects

A

occur due to the time of measurement

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4
Q

cohort effects

A

relate to the time a person was born

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5
Q

cross-sectional research design

A

studies people from many age groups at one point in time

- measures differences between age groups

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6
Q

longitudinal research design

A

looks at a single group of people at 2 or more points in time

  • measures age effects
  • influenced by period effects
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7
Q

time-lag comparison design

A

looks at diff groups of people of the same age at different points in time

  • measures difference between individuals and cohorts
  • confounds cohort effects w period or environmental effects
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8
Q

sequential design

A
  • looks at a series of cross-sectional studies during a longitudinal study
    cross sectional studies allow for quick data collection
    longitudinal studies check cross-sectional findings
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9
Q

types of research methods used to study aging

A 
psychological tests
focus groups
surveys
in-depth interviews
participant observation
content analysis ex. more older people talking about death and dying than young people
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10
Q

qualitative methods

A

include interviews, looking at documents, research, artifacts, and field observations to experience the world from the subject’s perspective

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11
Q

quantitative methods

A

statistical methods and mathematical models to analyze data

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12
Q

mixed methods

A

aka triangulation

- using more than one research method in a research study

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13
Q

canadian longitudinal study on aging

A

50,000 men and women in Hamilton and other cities b/w ages of 45-85 for at least 20 years
- looked at biological, medical, social, economic, and lifestyle aspects of people’s lives to help understand how these factors influence health maintenance and dev’t of disease and disability throughout life

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14
Q

topics of research interests

A

gender and age differences related to income, health, retirement, widowhood, caregiving, leisure interests

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15
Q

some ethical issues in research

A
  • the need for informed consent
  • the need to guard subjects from harm (phys, emotional, w/e)
  • the need to protect individuals privacy
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16
Q

silver tsunami

A

a not nice way of describing aging baby boomers

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17
Q

measures of population aging

A
  1. number of older people in the population (ok but what age is this?)
  2. the median age of a population (half will be higher and half will be lower than the median)
  3. the proportion of older people in a population
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18
Q

are most nations of the world aging?

A

yes.

in canada the proportion of older people in rose from 5% (1921) to 15% (2011)

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19
Q

developed regions

A
  • large proportions of older people and low fertility rates

- large increase in the oldest old (80+ bc more people are living to old age)

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20
Q

challenges in developed regions

A

higher health care and pension costs
also more social support needs
- the way pensions are being offered is a result of baby boomers

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21
Q

by 2036 it’s projected that:

A

25% of the total population of Canada will be 65+

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22
Q

in ____, the share of seniors exceeded the share of children <15
solution?

A

2016

solution: have more LTC centres where schools are closing. plan ahead

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23
Q

for people aged 85 to 99 there are __ men to 100 women.
why?
how about for centenarians?

A

54
bc women have longer life expectancies; however this gap is now narrowing
for centenarians there is 1 man for 5 women

24
Q

the role of immigration on the aging population of canada

A

very little actually
immigrants before 1990 came more from the UK/Europe
- currently we have mostly younger immigrants

25
Q

death rates

A

the number of deaths per 1000 people in a population

- more people are living longer into old age due to greater life expectancy

26
Q

infant mortality rate

A

the death rate of children less than 1 year old

- more children are surviving infancy due to control of childhood disease, better prenatal care and improved nutrition

27
Q

why are people afraid of aging?

A

bc w better healthcare, people are dying mostly in old age so when people think of aging they think of dying

28
Q

birth rates

A

the number of births per 1000 women in a population

- the major reason for demographic aging is the drop in birth rate

29
Q

demographic transition

A

population changes from a high birth rate/high death rate condition to a low birth rate/low death rate condition

30
Q

baby boom

A

the sharp rise in the fertility rate in Canada during about 1946 to 1965

31
Q

baby bust

A

sharp drop in fertility rate from the mid 1960s on

32
Q

generation Z

A

born 1993-2001

33
Q

what is the shape of the aging pyramid going towards

A

it’s becoming rectangular

34
Q

what about the increased number of older women?

A
  • they make up 56% of all older people
  • life expectancy of men has begun to catch up to women
    period effect: women stayed at home and relied on their husbands to do other things
    the result: women are needing more healthcare and income support in later life
35
Q

the support/dependency ratio of a population

A

the cost of an aging population; but we also need to look at overall dependency (children AND elderly) rather than just the elderly.
- brings up apocalyptic demography

36
Q

apocalyptic demography

A

using demographic facts to project the high cost of an aging pop. and to predict that an aging population will lead to social and financial crisis

37
Q

demographic determinism

A

the assumption that population dynamics determine the future of social relations and institutions
ex. the amount of dependency of the old and young people

38
Q

the effects of aging on body systems

A 
sight: contrasting b/w light and dark, glare difficulties
smell decreases at 70
hearing decreases at 50
taste buds don't taste as well
sensing presure
39
Q

which physical changes w age are most difficult to deal w

A

changes in sight and hearing have the greatest effect on a person’s ability to function in later life
- social life, seeing things in your house, talking to people becomes difficult
therefore people may withdraw from social life and become more dependent

40
Q

epidemiological transition

A

the transition of a society from acute illness (young) to chronic illnesses (in old age)

41
Q

chronic health problems for older people

A

long term illnesses such as arthritis, rheumatism, hypertension, diabetes, or heart disease

42
Q

health differences between men and women

A

women have higher rates of hypertension, arthritis, and rheumatism than men. older women also require more healthcare services; men don’t really go to the doctor

43
Q

functional disability

A

a limitation in performance of normal daily activities due to illness or injury
- disability increases dramatically later in old age due to chronic health problems, can also decrease quality of life

44
Q

how does level of education have an impact on how people report their health to be?

A

higher education: people perceive their health to be excellent or very good
people w less education or lower income are more likely to report poor health

45
Q

“independence”

A

thought to be an important part of things, but in reality most of us rely on others and are interdependent, so why would we have older people think that they shouldn’t be allowed to ask for help.
- in some cultures, if you’re independent, people think you messed up and your children don’t care about you thus ti is a very culturally driven concept

46
Q

activities of daily living

A

ADLs
performed daily such as bathing, moving from a bed or chair, dressing, getting to and using the toilet, eating and walking
- PSW might help, children but some gender diff here?

47
Q

instrumental activities of daily living

A

IADLs
home management activities such as using the phone, cooking, shopping, banking and doing housework
– more family help, spouse or children

48
Q

5 conditions contribute most to ADL or IADL disability, what are they?

A
  • foot problems
  • arthritis
  • cognitive impairment
  • heart problems
  • vision problems
49
Q

does disability mean you must be dependant?

A

NO. quality of life is subjective
older people conserve energy for the things they actually want to do
- we need to change how we speak to people about their physical decline
- product innovations and designs help make things easier for older people

50
Q

what are some product innovations and designs that help people cope w disability?

A
  • cooking utensil design, bathroom grab bars and non slip mats, assistive robotics
  • online shopping, grocery services and banking
  • internet can help connect people (family, friends, support groups)
51
Q

what has to happen for disability aids to be useful?

A

people have to:
know about them
understand how to use them
be able to afford them and have access to them

52
Q

2 concepts are used to measure quality of life in old age:

A
  • disability free life expectancy: the years of life remaining that are free from any disability
  • dependence free life expectancy: the number of years of remaining life that a person will live in a state free of dependence on others for daily tasks
53
Q

the compression of morbidity hypothesis

A

the idea that severe chronic illness would occur for a short time near the end of life

54
Q

rectangularization/ squaring of the survival curve

A

the change over time in survival curves results in a right angle or square slope, leading researchers to conclude that life spans are finite

55
Q

see also lifestyle changes in later life that influence your health

A
  • older people show lower rates of smoking
  • exercise can slow the effects of aging on the body, reduce the risk for chronic illness and have overall health benefits
  • metabolic rate slows down when we age therefore we don’t need to consume the same amount of calories

Health & Age 1BB3 (3 decks)

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