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MCAT > Research and Statistical Reasoning > Flashcards

Research and Statistical Reasoning Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Non-reponse bias

A

Error caused when certain types of people are less likely to respond to a survey

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2
Q

Self-selection bias

A

Error caused when people are randomly allowed to choose to participate in a particular study over another

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3
Q

Publication bias

A

Error caused when undesirable data is excluded from a publication

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4
Q

Type I error

A

The null hypothesis is incorrectly rejected

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5
Q

Type II error

A

The alternative hypothesis is accepted when it is actually false

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6
Q

Generalizability

A

The ability of a research study to extrapolate their data (sample group) to a larger group or population. The data of the sample group should represent the group as a whole

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7
Q

Reliability

A

When the results are consistently obtained when retesting under the same conditions

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8
Q

Reporting bias

A

Error caused by the tendency to ignore unexpected results or explain them away as statistical error

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9
Q

External validity

A

Ability to apply results found in one population to another. It checks whether the casual relationship in the study can be generalized or not

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10
Q

Internal validity

A

The extent to which the experiment is free from errors and any difference in measurement is due to independent variable and nothing else. The focus is on the research methods

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11
Q

Recall bias

A

Error caused when participants are required to recall information (sometimes incorrectly)

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12
Q

Observer bias

A

Error caused by the categorical misclassification of information due to observer perception of participant status

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13
Q

Interview bias

A

Error caused by improper standardization of patient interviews

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14
Q

Exposure identification bias

A

Error caused by an incorrect classification of a percentage of patients. Ex/ Saying 30 patients are obese when not all patients are obese

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15
Q

FINER method

A

Is the study feasible, interesting (does it have utility), novel (has it been done before), ethical, and relevant?

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16
Q

Positive skew

A

The tail is on the right. The mean is more than the median. The mode is the top of the bell

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17
Q

Negative skew

A

The tail is on the left. The mean is less than the median. The mode is the top of the bell

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18
Q

Response bias

A

tendency of subjects to systemically respond to a stimulus in a particular way (one that makes them seem more desirable) due to non-sensory factors (memory, motive, emotion, experience)

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19
Q

Confirmation bias

A

tendency to focus on info that fits an individual’s beliefs

20
Q

Bimodal distribution

A

If there is sufficient separation between the two peaks, the data can be analyzed as 2 separate distributions

21
Q

68-95-99 rule

A

95% of the data within a normally distributed data set must fall within 2 SD of the mean. This means that only 5% of the data falls outside of this range

22
Q

Outlier

A

When a data point is more than 3 SD from the mean

23
Q

Mutually exclusive events

A

Outcomes that can not occur at the same time

24
Q

P value

A

The probability that we report a difference between 2 populations when one does not actually exist. For data to statistically significant, the p value must be < 0.05

25
Q

Significance level (Ɑ)

A

If the Ɑ > the p value, then we reject the null (**there is statistical difference between 2 groups)
If the Ɑ < the p value we fail to reject the null (there is no statistical difference)
Ɑ = 0.05

26
Q

Power (1-β)

A

The probability of correctly rejecting a false null hypothesis (reporting a difference between 2 populations when one actually exist)

27
Q

Confidence

A

The probability of correctly failing to reject a true null hypothesis (reporting no difference between 2 populations when one does not exist)

28
Q

Confidence intervals

A

A range of values from the sample mean and standard deviation used to find how confident we are in the accuracy of the true value of the population

29
Q

Family pedigree chart symbols

A

Square = male
Circle = female
Filled in shape = effected

30
Q

Independent variable

A

what is manipulated. What varies between control and experimental. Ex/ genetics and environment (twin studies)

31
Q

Dependent variable

A

what is measured. What is expected to change

32
Q

Positive control

A

A control group that ensures a change in the dependent variable when a change is expected

33
Q

Negative control

A

A control group that ensures no change in the dependent variable when no change is expected

34
Q

Systemic error

A

failing to provide clear and detailed instructions to the participants

35
Q

Single blind experiments

A

Only the subject or the assessor (person who takes measurements) is blinded

36
Q

Double blind experiments

A

The investigator, subject, and assessor all do not know the subjects group

37
Q

Cohort studies

A

Observational approach where subjects are sorted into groups based on differences in risk factors and then assessed at various intervals to determine the outcome of each group

38
Q

Cross sectional studies

A

Observational approach where subjects are categorized into different groups at a single point in time. This examines an entire population
Ex/ prevalence of lung cancer in smokers vs. non-smokers at a given time

39
Q

Case control studies

A

Observational approach where a number of subjects with or without a particular outcome are identified and their history for exposure to risk factors is assessed

40
Q

Selection bias

A

Error that occurs when subjects used for a study are not representative of a target population

41
Q

Detection bias

A

Error that results from educated professionals using their knowledge in an inconsistent way

42
Q

Observation bias

A

Also known as the Hawthorne effect. This is error caused when the behavior of subjects changes because they know they are being studied

43
Q

Confounding bias

A

Data analysis error. The data may or may not be flawed, but an incorrect relationship is characterized. Meaning that a “third party” variable or a confounding variable could potentially be the cause of a relationship

44
Q

Sufficiency

A

To be able to say that certain conclusions are able to be drawn from a study (or that the study is sufficient), all variables need to be accounted (or controlled) for

45
Q

Actor-observer bias

A

Actors attribute their own behavior to situational attributions, whereas observers attribute the actors behavior to dispositional attributes

46
Q

Null hypothesis vs. alternative hypothesis

A

Two populations are equal vs. two populations are not equal

47
Q

Confounding variables

A

Experimental variables that have an unforeseen effect on the dependent or independent variables which complicates a relationship that can be seen between the two

MCAT (7 decks)

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