Research

Question 2

4 Sources of Knowledge

Answer 2

1) Tradition
2) Authority
3) Trial and Error (Pilot Study)
4) Logical Reasoning

Question 3

Define Research

Answer 3

the studying of a problem in pursuit of a definite objective through employing precise methods followed by analysis

Question 4

Define Tradition

Answer 4

generally accepted knowledge

Question 5

Define Authority

Answer 5

source of knowledge based on the idea that experts have more experience therefore are more knowledgeable

Question 6

Define Trial and Error

Answer 6

Source of knowledge in which you attempt a solution and evaluate the effect

Question 7

2 Types of Logical Reasoning

Answer 7

Deductive and Inductive Reasoning

Question 8

Deductive Reasoning

Answer 8

Reasoning that proceeds from general observation to specific information

Question 9

Inductive Reasoning

Answer 9

Reasoning that proceeds from specific to whole information

Question 10

Which “scientific method” or source of knowledge is a top-down or confirmatory approach?

Answer 10

Deductive Reasoning

Question 11

Which “scientific method” or source of knowledge is a bottom-up or confirmatory approach?

Answer 11

Inductive Reasoning

Question 12

Where can research be done?

Answer 12

colleges and universities

clinical setting

Question 13

5 Phases of the Research Process

Answer 13

1) Develop the research question
2) Design the study (Method)
3) Collect the data
4) Analyze the data
5) Summary and Conclusion

Question 14

H(o)

Answer 14

Null Hypothesis or Statistical Hypothesis

Refers to a general position that there is no relationship or difference between groups or variables in a study

Question 15

H(a)

Answer 15

Alternate Hypothesis or Research Hypothesis

Statement that predicts there is a difference or relationship between groups or variables and it will be demonstrated in a study’s the results

Question 16

Which hypothesis do we want to reject and which do we want to accept?

Answer 16

Reject the nullAccept the alternate

*This confirms that the study’s results are not due to chance

Question 17

Who should do research and why?

Answer 17

Members of the profession and Undergraduate and graduate programs, because they have better idea of the needs for research and can best design strategies to meet those needs

Question 18

p-value

Answer 18

This is the probability that a statistical finding occurred due to chance

*the chance of you making an error

Question 19

Which hypothesis do we test?

Answer 19

Null hypothesis

Question 20

What is the predetermined significance level of the p-value?

Answer 20

0.05 or 5%

Question 21

If p=0.02 which hypothesis do we reject and which do we accept?

Answer 21

we reject the null and accept the alternate

Question 22

If p=0.07 which hypothesis do we reject and which do we accept?

Answer 22

we accept the null and rejectthe alternate

Question 23

What in laymen’s terms does it mean if the p-value is 0.05?

Answer 23

The odds of not rejecting the null hypothesis 5 out of 100

Question 24

Describe Phase One of a Research Process

Answer 24

First you must identify the problem. From there you should do a literature review and then identify the variables and based on all of that stat the null hypothesis

Question 25

Describe Phase Two of a Research Process

Answer 25

This is where you must design your protocol including subject selection and all testing methods

Question 26

Where is initial testing of the null hypothesis done?

Answer 26

In the methods section (phase 2)

Question 27

What does a research proposal consist of?

Answer 27

• Research Question
• Methodology in the present tense
• Review

Question 28

In which phase do you accept or reject the null hypothesis?

Answer 28

In Phase 4, after you analyze the data and can interpret your findings

Question 29

Describe Basic Research

Answer 29

Type of research that is used to obtain empirical data that can be used to develop, refine, and test a theory

• This is the acquisition of new knowledge
• Basic research allows us to understand the general facts

Question 30

What are the Two Types of Research?

Answer 30

Basic (fundamental) or applied

Question 31

Describe the relationship between basic and applied research

Answer 31

They are dependent on one another because without the basic facts that come from basic research, there would be no applied research and vice versa

*Like cancer and rediology

Question 32

3 Ethical Issues in Clinical Research

Answer 32

• Integrity of the researcher
• Use of control groups
• Protection of Human Rights

Question 33

4 Elements of Informed Consent

Answer 33

• Subjects must be fully informed
• Subjects information should be confidential and anonymous
• The informed consent form must be written in a simple language
• The researcher must offer to answer questions at any time

Question 34

3 Requirements of Consent

Answer 34

1) Consent must be voluntary
2) Special consideration must be given to subjects who are vulnerable
3) Subjects must be free to withdraw consent at any time

Question 35

Describe Applied Research

Answer 35

This type of research is directed toward functional applications and testing

Question 36

Who ensures the elements of consent are upheld?

Answer 36

The Institutional Review Board