Evidence

Question 2

What is Evidence?

Answer 2

Any empirical observations about the apparent relation between events**Proof of your research

Question 3

4 Examples of Evidence

Answer 3

• Published research articles- Clinical practice guidelines- Patient/client records- Recall or prior patient/client cases

Question 4

Why is a research emphasized in EBPT?

Answer 4

Due to its ability to provide objective, unbiased results. This is achieved by having a greater quantity of test subjects

Question 5

What is bias?

Answer 5

Result or inferences that systematically deviate from the truth or the process leading to such deviation

Question 6

How can you reduce the chance that bias will influence a study’s results?

Answer 6

Impose maximum control within the design

Question 7

4 research designs on the continuum from least bias control to most bias contro

Answer 7

• Case Report- Nonexperimental Design- Quasi-Experimental- Experimental

Question 8

Describe a Case Report

Answer 8

This is a detailed description of the management of a pt/client that serves as a basis for research **Least Bias Control

Question 9

Describe Nonexperimental Designs

Answer 9

A research design in which controlled manipulation of the subjects is lacking (surveys for example) **2nd least bias control

Question 10

Desribe Quasi-Experimental Designs

Answer 10

These are research designs in which there is only one subject group or in which randomization to more than one group is lacking (there is no control group) **2nd most bias control

Question 11

Describe Experimental Designs

Answer 11

These are research designs in which the behavior of randomly assigned groups of subjects is measured following the purposeful manipulation of an independent variable in at least one of the groups **Most bias control

Question 12

What is a variable?

Answer 12

a character state of a group or person such as gender, age, weight, scores, etc. that you wish to compare

Question 13

What is a Independent Variable?

Answer 13

a variable that can be changed based on the research you plan on doing

Question 14

What is a dependent variable?

Answer 14

a variable that cannot be changed

Question 15

The _____ variable depends on the ______ variable. Why?

Answer 15

DependentIndependentBecause when the independent variable changes the dependent variable relies on it

Question 16

What is another way research designs can be categorized?

Answer 16

According to the time line used in the study

Question 17

4 Types of Research Designs categorized by time

Answer 17

• Retrospective Design - Prospective Design - Cross-sectional - Longitudinal

Question 18

Retrospective Design

Answer 18

a research design that uses past data from sources such as medical records, insurance claims, or outcomes databases

Question 19

Prospective Design

Answer 19

a research design that follows subjects forward over a specific period of time

Question 20

Cross-Sectional Study

Answer 20

a study that collects data about a phenomenon during a single point in time or once within a defined time interval

Question 21

Longitudinal Study

Answer 21

a study that looks at a phenomenon occurring over time

Question 22

The clinical question the Physical Therapist wants to answer will determine what?

Answer 22

which form of evidence to seek

Question 23

What are the ranking systems for research designs based on?

Answer 23

The ability to minimize bias

Question 24

What is the hierarchy of evidence (from highest to lowest)

Answer 24

1) Randomized Clinical Trials2) Cohort (group) Studies3) Case control Studies 4) Case-series study5) Expert Opinion

Question 25

What are some limitations of evidence hierarchies?

Answer 25

They are only tools to facilitate EBPT, Physical Therapists must read and critically appraise the evidence before using it in clinical decisions.