Research Flashcards
Qualitative data
phenomenological study
ethnographic study
Hieuristic study
Case study
- A form of descriptive research that studies people, individually or collectively, in their natural social and cultural context.A systematic, subjective approach to describe real life experiences that are meaningful.
- a study of one or more persons and how they make sense of their experience: the collection of participant’s experiences through focus groups that contain open-ended interview questions.
- patterns and characteristics of a cultural group, including values, roles, beliefs, and normative practices, are intensely studied.
- complete involvement of the researcher in the experience of the subjects to understand and interpret a phenomenon.meaning of phenomenon
- a single subject or subjects is investigated in an in-depth manner.
Quantitative study
Quasi-experimental study
A criterion-referenced test
non-experimental/correlational
-the classic two-group design which includes random selection and assignment into an experimental group that receives treatment or a control group that receives no treatment.
Two levels of treatment (some and none) together constitute the independent variable being manipulates.The cause and effect relationship between the independent and dependent variable is examined.
- an independent variable is manipulated to determine its effect on a dependent variable but there is a lesser degree of researcher control and/or no randomization.
- is a style of test which uses test scores to generate a statement about the behavior that can be expected of a person with that score.
-there is no manipulation of independent variable; randomization and researcher control are not possible.
Used to study the potential relationships between two or more existing variables (e.g., attendance at a day program and social interaction skills).
inter-rater reliability agreement .01-.2 .21-.4 .41-.6 .61-8 .81-.88
slight agreement fair ageement moderate agreement substantial perfect agreement
meta analysis
- contrasting and compare study results to find the highest level of evidence
- compare and contrast different research articles and studies in order to find patterns among the study results
RCT
longitudinal study
-correlational study repeated observation of the same variable over a long period of time- hospital in rehab department over ten years
cohort studies
-is a form of longitudinal study. It is an analysis of risk factors and follows a group of people who do not have the disease, and uses correlations to determine the absolute risk of subject contraction.
outcomes research
-refers to research (usually medically related) which investigates the outcomes of health care practices. It has been defined as the study of the end results of health services that takes patients’ experiences, preferences, and values into account
case studies
“Case studies are analyses of persons, events, decisions, periods, projects, policies, institutions,
expert opinion
-who by virtue of education, training, skill, or experience is believed to have expertise and specialized knowledge in a particular subject beyond that of the average person
examples of correlational research retrospective prospective descriptive predictive
- investigation of data collected in the past.
- investigation of present data
- investigation of several variables at once; determines existing relationships among variables.
- used to develop predictive models.
Levels of measurement
- nominal
- ordinal
- interval
- ratio
- differentiates between items or subjects based only on their names gender, nationality, ethnicity, language, genre, style, biological species, and form.
- The ordinal type allows for rank order (1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.) by which data can be sorted, but still does not allow for relative degree of difference between them. values such as ‘sick’ vs. ‘healthy’ when measuring health, ‘guilty’ vs. ‘innocent’ likert scale pain 1-10 ,black and white
- The interval type allows for the degree of difference between items, but not the ratio between them.
- Ratio scale is the measurement is the estimation of the ratio between a magnitude of a continuous quantity and a unit magnitude of the same kind.
Null hypothesis
-a general or default position that there is no relationship between two measured phenomena,or that a potential medical treatment has no effect.
Correlation coeficient
-also known as r, R, or Pearson’s r.: measure of the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two variables that is defined as the (sample) covariance of the variables
Positive correlation
-If x and y have a strong positive linear correlation, r is close to +1. An r value of exactly +1 indicates a perfect positive fit. Positive values indicate a relationship between x and y variables such that as values for x increases, values for y also increase. Example: Using PasstheOT will have a positive effect on increasing your exam score.
