Frames of reference Flashcards
Allen Cognitive Model
example
Model of assessment and treatment that is built around functional cognition, or the interaction between cognitive abilities and the activity setting that results in performance.
-An occupational therapist administers the Allen Cognitive Levels screening test to determine how much assistance a new patient with mild dementia will need to follow precautions following hip replacement surgery
Behavior modification
example
Positive or negative reinforcement is used to elicit a desired response. In a public school setting, an occupational therapist asks a student to write three sentences, after which he may choose an activity that he would like to do.
Brunnstrom Movement Therapy Frame of Reference
example
- Synergies and reflexes that occur in early normal development are also a normal part of the recovery process for patients with hemiplegia following a stroke. These synergies should be facilitated and encouraged during the course of treatment.
- During occupational therapy treatment for a woman who has hemiplegia following a stroke, the occupational therapist has the woman perform a reaching activity with her unaffected arm while the therapist moves the affected arm in the same manner.
Canadian Model of Occupational Performance
example
A framework that illustrates the interaction between people, their environments, and their occupations related to self care, productivity, and leisure.
-An occupational therapist develops a treatment plan for a woman with rheumatoid arthritis, based on the woman’s desire to resume playing the organ at her church.
Cognitive behavioral approach
example
People are taught to replace behaviors that result from abnormal thought processes with more normal or adaptive thought processes and behaviors.
An occupational therapist helps a young woman with Down’s Syndrome learn that she does not need to be afraid to use the bathroom by herself.
Compensatory FOR
- Patients who will not regain functional skills can compensate by using adaptive equipment or techniques to complete tasks in a different way.
- A woman with severe osteoporosis uses long handled gardening tools to weed her flowers while standing.
Dynamic Interaction approach
example
- Functional performance is restored for people with cognitive dysfunction by specifically focusing on the following areas: orientation, attention, visual processing, motor planning, cognition, occupational behaviors, and effort.
- influence problem solving and decision making
- An occupational therapist structures a supported employment job activity for a man who has had a traumatic brain injury to accommodate his current problem solving and decision making skills.
Lifestyle Performance Model
example
- A person’s total activity repertoire is considered within the context of that person’s world. The framework allow for a holistic approach to treatment.
- An occupational therapist completes a full occupational profile with a man admitted to inpatient rehabilitation for a spinal cord injury. The profile includes daily routines, living situation, employment, leisure activities, relationships, spiritual views, and priorities for treatment
Neurodevelopmental Treatment (NDT) example
- This frame of reference, used for rehabilitation for neurological conditions, focuses on specific handling techniques to facilitate normal posture and movement patterns while inhibiting abnormal patterns.
- An occupational therapist physically positions a three year old child with cerebral palsy on his hands and knees while the child reaches to play with blocks.
Model of human occupation
example
- three components of volition, habituation, and performance capacity, within the environmental context.
- An occupational therapy assistant helps a 5th grade student with learning disabilities to improve his handwriting. The student has an interest in science, so the OTA has the student hand write and draw his own periodic table of the elements.
Occupational adaptation
example
- The integration of occupation and adaptation is viewed as a single, integrated process. The model focuses on improving adaptability, rather than functional skills.
- An occupational therapist teaches a woman with multiple sclerosis how to drive using an adapted van.
Person-Environment-Occupation-Performance Model
- The interaction between a person’s abilities, environmental factors, and the demands of occupation influences performance outcomes.
- In a home health setting, an occupational therapist works with a woman with muscular dystrophy to adapt the bathroom in her new home so that she can shower independently.
Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF)
Example
- A treatment model that focuses on motor development through the shift in flexor and extensor muscles, using diagonal movement patterns to facilitate mature motor movements.
- An occupational therapist works with a woman who has had a stroke on reaching for cones in a diagonal pattern across her upper body, then has the woman apply the movement to combing her hair.
Psychoanalytic and psychodynamic theory
- Personality development is driven by conscious and unconscious factors. The therapy process uses self awareness, emotional expression, social relationships, and defense mechanisms to help patients direct their actions to complete tasks.
- An occupational therapist teaches a high school student with an anxiety disorder how to use relaxation techniques to help prepare for a test.
Psychoeducation
- A treatment model in which patients and their families are educated about their diseases in order to change their thinking and behavior.
- An occupational therapist teaches an 8th grade student with a diagnosis of autism about his condition so that he understands why he needs to use noise reducing headphones during assemblies.
