RESEARCH Flashcards
an approach to research that
combines more than one
research strategy in a single
investigation.
TRIANGULATION
4 TYPES OF
TRIANGULATION:
- DATA
- INVESTIGATOR
- THEORY
- METHOD
Researchers include more than
one source of data in single
investigation
DATA
TRIANGULATION
3 TYPES OF DATA TRIANGULATION:
1.Time
2.Space
3.Person
Collection of data at different points in
time
* Examples:
* Time of the day, day of week, or month
of year
* Each shift, on weekends and weekdays
* Does Longitudinal designs qualify for
triangulation?
Time Triangulation
Collecting data at more than
one site
* Examples: collection of data at
multiple units within one
hospital or in multiple hospitals
Space Triangulation
Researchers collect data from more
than one level of persons
* A set of individuals, groups, or
collectives
Person (Data Source)
Triangulation
dyads, families or
circumscribed groups
Groups
communities,
organizations or societies
Collectives
- Extensive data
- Data convergence and
divergence - Increased confidence in the
research data - Creative, innovative ways of phenomena
strengths
- False interpretation due to
overwhelming amount of
data - Difficult dealing with vast
amounts of data - Fitting qualitative data into a quantitave data into a quantitative mold
weaknesses
major types of data collection method
self-report, observation, and biophysiologic measures
Written - Questionnaire
self-report
Verbal reports -Interview
self-report
participant & non-participant
observation
Structured vs. unstructured
structure
ability to measure. example hope, love, pain, body image
Quantifiability
Hawthorne effect, reactivity
Obtrusiveness, intrude
halo effect
Objectivity
any survey that relies on individual’s own report of their knowledge, behaviors, belief, or attitudes.
self-report
paper and pencil, electronic format or interview
self-reports
Types of questionnaire items:
- open ended
- close-ended
- semi-structured
allows complete feedom in answering
UNSTRUCTURED QUESTIONS
employs check responses or similar answers to secure data
Structured form
combination of a and b
semi-structured
provide 2 response options
dichotomous items
elicit information on perceptions
multiple choice items
elicit information about importance of various factors
rank order
force respondents to align themselves with 1 of 2 alternative opinions
forced-choice items
provide a list of items from which to choose all that apply.
Checklists
select all that apply
cafeteria questions
