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Psychology 1D > Research > Flashcards

Research Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the guidelines for personality testing of athletes?

A
  1. Administered by appropriately qualified psychologists
  2. Neither too credulous nor too sceptical
  3. Unethical to use as sole criteria/deciding factor in selection
  4. Participant to be told purpose of test and given feedback on results
  5. Assurance of confidentiality
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2
Q

Personality testing of athletes - DO’s?

A
  1. Inform participants of purpose and how results will be used
  2. Only qualified individuals to administer test
  3. Integrate test results with other info obtained
  4. Use both state and trait measures
  5. Provide participants with feedback re results
  6. Compare individuals against their own baseline levels rather than again normative info [NOTE: TO CHECK WHETHER THIS IS CORRECT. WHAT ABOUT IN DETERMINING STRENGTHS/DEVELOPMENT AREAS AGAINST NORMS?]
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3
Q

Personality testing of athletes - DONT’s?

A

Do no:

  1. Use clinical personality tests that focus on abnormality
  2. Use the test results to decide selection
  3. Administer or interpret tests unless qualified to do so
  4. Use to predict behaviour without considering other sources of info e.g observational data and performance assessments
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4
Q

Why shouldn’t psychological test results be used to decide selection?

How can they be used?

A

Tests are not accurate enough to be predictive

As part of a battery of tests to help in the selection process

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5
Q

What requirements/knowledge is required for use of psychological tests as part of a battery of tests for selection?

A
  1. The tests must be a valuable and reliable measure
  2. The user must know what personality characteristics are key for the sport and the ideal levels of those characteristics needed
  3. The user should know how much athletes can compensate in some characteristics for the lack of others.
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6
Q

What are the 8 key steps in constructing and administering questionnaires?

A
  1. Defining objectives
  2. Selection of sample size and population
  3. Writing the questions
  4. Setting the responses
  5. Ordering the questions
  6. Piloting the questionnaire
  7. Writing the covering letter
  8. Dealing with non-respondents

5.

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7
Q

What are the problems/characteristics to avoid when writing the questions?

A
  1. Ambiguity
  2. Asking >1 thig in the same question
  3. Negative questions (confusing and negative sometimes missed)
  4. Too long
  5. Leading
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8
Q

2 key tips on ordering of questions?

A
  1. Avoid difficult open-ended questions at the start
  2. Do no scatter questions on the same subject around the questionnaire
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9
Q

What are the typical return rates on questionnaires and to what extent is this improved with a follow up letter?

A

30-60%

10-25%

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10
Q

What are the pro’s and con’s of open-ended questions?

A

Pro:
1. Latitude to express opinion

Con:
1. Not liked by respondents
2. Take more time
3. Limited control over response
4. Responses difficult to synthesis/group

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11
Q

Benefits of/issues identified by pilot study?

A
  1. Questions answered in the same way by everyone - lack discrimination?
  2. Unexpected response - poorly wording question?
  3. Inadequate instructions
  4. Can the results be analysed in a meaningful way?
  5. Time taken to complete
  6. Some questions not answered - poorly written?
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12
Q

What are the questions to continually ask yourself when constructing a questionnaire?

A
  1. What specific objective is the question measuring?
  2. How will the response be analysed?
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13
Q

Points to include in a cover letter?

A
  1. Assurance of privacy/anonymity
  2. Appeal for cooperation - subtle flattery?
  3. Use person’s name and address rather than generic salutation
  4. Survey endorsed by recognised agency (association/institution) - use their stationery?
  5. Offer a summary of the results
  6. Informed consent required?
  7. Date for return of questionnaire - enough time but not too long
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14
Q

What are 5 characteristics underlying all scientific research?

A
  1. Logical (allows evaluation of conclusion drawn).
  2. Empirical (based on data rather than theory/logic)
  3. Replicable
  4. Reductive (take data from many individuals to generalise to population as a whole) [NOT QUANTITATIVE?]
  5. Systematic
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15
Q

What are the arguments against quantitative research in particular with respect to human behaviour?

A
  1. True objectivity is a myth in science
  2. Not the only systematic way to study phenomena
  3. Natural science fails when studying human behaviour
  4. Science is reductionist (assumes complex behaviour can be broken down into parts and analysed) - too simplistic
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16
Q

Characteristics of qualitative vs quantitative research?

A

HYPOTHESIS - Inductive vs deductive

SAMPLE - Purposive, small vs Random, large

SETTING - Natural, real-world vs lab

DATA GATHERING - Researcher is primary instrument vs objective instrument

DESIGN - Flexible, may change vs determined in advance

DATA ANALYSIS - Descriptive interpretation vs statistical methods

17
Q

Steps in qualitative research?

A
  1. Define the problem
  2. Formulate questions and theoretical framework (often do not start with hypothesis)
  3. Collect the data
  4. Analysis of the data
  5. Writing the report
18
Q

How are participants selected for qualitative research?

A

Purposefully (rather than random) for characteristics desired.

(No inference to a larger sampl)e

19
Q

What are 3 methods for data collection in qualitative research?

A
  1. Interviews
  2. Focus groups
  3. Observation
20
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of focus groups as a method of collecting data?

A
  1. Quality control as participants provide checks and balances on each other
  2. Maybe less fearful of being evaluated by interviewer
  3. Exchange of ideas stimulates individuals to rethink own ideas
  4. Power struggles and reluctance to state own views publicly
  5. Less questions can be covered is a limitation
21
Q

What is a major factor which determines the success of observation as a method of collecting data?

A

Obtrusiveness - need to spend enough time in setting to become familiar

22
Q

At what point should data start to be analysed in qualitative research?

Why?

A

At the same time as collecting the data

  1. questions may shift focus as receive new data
  2. data could otherwise be unfocussed, repetitive, overwhelming in volume
  3. prevents gaps where evidenced required is not collected
23
Q

What is the goal of the way in which data is interpreted in qualitative research and what is a/the major tool in achieving this?

A

To produce a vivid reconstruction of what happened during the fieldwork through an ANALYTICAL NARRATIVE thereby assigning meaning to the data

Narrative vignette

24
Q

Explain how a narrative vignette is chosen and incorporated into the write up

A
  1. Make an assertion
  2. Choose an excerpt from the notes that supports that assertion

Narrative vignette portrays the validity of the assertion

25
Q

What is an inductive method ?

A

Develops hypothesis from observation

26
Q

What is a grounded theory?

A

Theory based on and evolving from data

27
Q

What is the term to describe quality in qualitative research as opposed to quantitative research?

A

Trustworthiness

vs

Reliability and validity

28
Q

What are the two aspects of trustworthiness in quantitative research and what are the components of these two aspects?

A
  1. Is the study competently conducted?
    I. Credibility
    II. Transferability
    III. Dependability
    IV. Confirmability
  2. Is it ethical
    I. Have the participants been treated ethically?
    II. Does the research contribute to understanding and action that can improve social circumstances?
29
Q

What are ways to provide evidence of trustworthiness in qualitative research?

A
  1. Prolonged engagement
  2. Rich, thick description
  3. Negative case checking
  4. Clarification of researcher bias
  5. Checking with participant
  6. Peer debriefing
  7. Triangulation of data sources
30
Q

What are the strengths of qualitative vs quantitative research?

A

Qualitative:
1. Focus on everyday settings
2. Focus on interpretation
3. Flexibility

Quantitative
1. Precise measurement
2. Rigid control of variables
3. Ability to manipulate variables
4. Possibility of making predictions

31
Q

What are the weaknesses of qualitative vs quantitative research?

A

Qualitative:
1. Time consuming
2. Lack of control
3. Difficult to replicate

Quantitative:
1. Removed from real world (external validity)
2. Reductionist and artificial (arguably incapable of representing complex systems and human interactions)

32
Q

What are the similarities and differences of quantitative and qualitative research?

A

Similarities:
1. Systematic collection of evidence
2. Process of study (i. define the problem ii. collect data iii. analysis/interpretation)

Differences:
1. Ways of collecting data
2. Types of problem addressed
3. Use of a priori hypothesis vs developing hypothesis as data collected

Psychology 1D (7 decks)

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