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Psychology 1D > Motivation > Flashcards

Motivation Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two components of motivation?

A

Direction

Intensity

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2
Q

What are the 6 major theories of motivation?

A
  1. Drive theory
  2. Cognitive evaluation theory
  3. Attribution theory
  4. Competence motivation theory
  5. Achievement motivation theory
  6. Self-efficacy theory
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3
Q

What are 5 guidelines for building motivation under the interactional approach?

A
  1. Analyse personality and situation and their interaction
  2. Understand people’s multiple motivations for involvement
  3. Set the situation/environment to enhance motivation
  4. Consider the approach/attitude of the coach in its influence on motivation
  5. Use behaviour modification to change participant’s motives
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4
Q

What is the self-determination theory of motivation and who developed it?

A

Deci and Ryan (1985, 2000)

All people are motivated to satisfy 3 general needs:
1. The need to feel competent
2. The need to feel autonomous
3. The need for social connectedness or belonging

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5
Q

What branch of psychology does Drive Theory fit within?

A

Behaviourism

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6
Q

Explain the basis of Drive Theory

A

Individuals will behave in ways to satisfy their needs.

This behaviour is determined by the interaction of ‘drive and incentive’ and ‘learned habit’.

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7
Q

What is latent learning with respect to Drive Theory?

A

Learning is taking place but this is not observed as the individual is not motivated to apply it

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8
Q

Whilst Drive Theory has been largely discounted, what has it highlighted the significance of?

A

Incentive motivation

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9
Q

Define (strength of) incentive

A

The attractiveness of various goals to the individual and the outcomes that might be achieved

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10
Q

What are the 7 major incentive systems identified for sport?

A
  1. Aggression
  2. Power
  3. Independence
  4. Competition
  5. Stress
  6. Success
  7. Excellence

ASP ICES

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11
Q

What branch of psychology does attribution theory fall within?

A

Cognitive aproach

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12
Q

What is the focus of attribution theory?

A

How people perceive/explain their successes and failures

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13
Q

What are the “attributions” as considered within attribution theory?

A

Perceived causes of success and failure

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14
Q

What do attributions tell us about a person and what do they affect in terms of behaviour?

A

Attributions reveal individual’s motivational structures

Attributions affect the effort and persistence we devote and thoughts/feelings about performance

How athletes explain or attribute their performance affects their expectations and emotional reactions which in turn influence future achievement motivation

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15
Q

What are the 3 categories within which attributions fall?

A

Stability

Locus of causality

Controllability

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16
Q

What are the 4 attributes that fall in the matrix of locus of causality vs stability?

A

Ability (internal, stable)

Task difficulty (external, stable)

Effort (internal, unstable)

Luck (external, unstable)

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17
Q

What bias often exists in differing attributions for success and failure and why?

A

Success - internal - enhanced feelings of pride

Failure - external - reduced feelings of shame

Help defend self-esteem/ego

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18
Q

What implication does stability have for achievement behaviour?

A

Stable - expect same outcomes again

Unstable - expect possibility of different outcomes

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19
Q

Define learned helplessness and the approach to help resolve this

A

The acquired belief that failure is inevitable and have no control over negative events

Help the individual by attributing failure to unstable controllable factors

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20
Q

What is another name for achievement goal theory?

A

Goal orientation theory

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21
Q

What are the 4 theories of achievement motivation?

A
  1. Attribution theory
  2. Achievement goal theory
  3. Need achievement theory
  4. Competence motivation theory
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22
Q

What 3 factors interact to determine motivation according to achievement goal theory?

A
  1. An individual’s achievement goals
  2. Perceived ability
  3. Achievement behaviour (performance, effort, persistence and task choice (realistic/unrealistic)
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23
Q

What are 3 goal orientations in achievement goal theory?

A

Outcome (ego) orientation

Task (mastery) orientation

Social goal orientation

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24
Q

What is the value of task goal orientation?

A

Strong work ethic and persistence in the face of failure

Protection from disappointment, frustration and a lack of motivation

Easier to feel good about yourself and demonstrate high perceived competence than outcome oriented individuals

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25
Q

Difficult of task selected by task-oriented individuals vs outcome oriented where low perception of competence

A

Task oriented - moderately difficult/realistic

Outcome oriented (when also low perceived competence) - very difficult (no one would expect them to do well) or very easy (guaranteed success)

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26
Q

Explain one problem with outcome goal orientation?

A

Difficulty maintaining high perceived competence - they judge themselves by how the compare with others but cannot control how others perform

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27
Q

Explain two bases of thought for how individuals view their ability and how it can change?

How does this affect goal orientation?

A

Entity view - fixed and unable to be changed (often adopt an outcome goal orientation)

Incremental focus - can adopt a task goal orientation and change ability through hard work and effort

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28
Q

What is another lens to usefully categorise goals in addition to outcome/task orientation?

Which of these is positively related to physical activity levels?

A

Approach (achieving a positive outcome) versus avoidance (avoiding a negative outcome)

Approach goals (whether task or mastery oriented) have been found to be positively related to physical activity levels

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29
Q

What are key aspects of the social climates of achievement settings?

A

The tasks that learners are asked to perform

Student-teacher authority patterns

Recognition systems

Student ability groupings

Evaluation procedures

Times allotted for activities be performed

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30
Q

Why is the motivational climate important according to achievement goal theory and what impact does this have on achievement behaviour?

A

Motivational climate influences the type of achievement goal adopted

Motivation climate of mastery/task goal orientation - more adaptive motivational patterns e.g.

  • positive attitude
  • increased effort
  • effective learning strategies

Motivational climate of outcome orientation - less adaptive motivational patterns e.g.:

  • low persistence
  • low effort
  • attribution of failure to low ability
31
Q

What is the underlying premise of competence motivation theory?

A

People are innately motivated to feel worthy or competent and these are the primary determinants of motivation in all areas of human achievement

32
Q

In competence motivation theory what are the two key factors which are considered and how do these affect motivation?

A

Two key factors:

  1. Perception of control (and whether can learn and enhance skills)
  2. Self-worth and competence evaluation

These interact to influence affective (emotional) state, which influences motivation

33
Q

What feedback loop arises as a consequence of competence motivation theory?

A

Successful attempts at mastery promote feelings of high self-efficacy which lead to high competence motivation and further attempts at mastery (virtuous circle)

By contrast if the result is perceived failure, can lead to vicious circle

34
Q

What is the key takeaway for coaches from competence motivation theory?

A

Enhancing perceived competence and control should be a primary goal

35
Q

In need achievement theory, the interaction of what four factors are considered as influencing achievement behaviour?

A
  1. Personality factors (motive to achieve success vs avoid failure)
  2. Situational factors (probability of success vs incentive of success)
  3. Resultant behavioural tendence (resulting from interaction of 1 and 2) (seek out moderate challenges vs opt for easy or unrealistic tasks)
  4. Emotional reaction (pride vs shame)
36
Q

In need achievement theory, the interaction of what four factors are considered as influencing achievement behaviour?

A
  1. Personality factors (motive to achieve success vs avoid failure)
  2. Situational factors (probability of success vs incentive of success)
  3. Resultant behavioural tendence (resulting from interaction of 1 and 2) (seek out moderate challenges vs opt for easy or unrealistic tasks)
  4. Emotional reaction (pride vs shame)
37
Q

what are the achievement behaviours for high and low achievers per need achievement theory

A

High achievers:

  • seek more challenging tasks
  • prefer intermediate risks
  • perform better in evaluative situations

Low achievers:

  • avoid intermediate risks
  • avoid challenging tasks (other than unrealistically difficult ones)
  • perform worse in evaluative situations
38
Q

What is the significance of need achievement theory in the context of contemporary achievement motivation theories more generally?

A

This is the framework for all achievement motivation theories

Other theories offer different explanations for underlying thought processes but behaviour predictions for high and low achievers are basically the same

39
Q

What are the two most important contributions of need achievement theory to understanding achievement behaviour?

A

Understanding/predicting:

  1. task preference
  2. performance
40
Q

What does cognitive evaluation theory (CET) propose to explain

A
  1. The relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic motivational orientations (eBook)
  2. Variability in intrinsic motivation (including the potential effect of extrinsic reward on intrinsic motivation) (Weinburg and Gould)
41
Q

What are the different elements of the continuum of intrinsic to extrinsic motivation to amotivation?

A

Intrinsic
1. Knowledge (pleasure/ satisfaction in learning etc)
2. Accomplishment (pleasure/satisfaction in mastery or creation)
3. Stimulation (fun, excitement, aesthetic pleasure)

Extrinsic
4. Integrated regulation
5. Identified regulation

THRESHOLD OF AUTONOMY

  1. Introjected regulation
  2. External regulation (control by external sources)

Amotivation

42
Q

Explain integrated regulation

A

Aactivity is personally important because of a valued outcome rather than solely for itself e.g. training for competition

43
Q

Explain identified regulation

A

Activity is valued highly even if not pleasant in itself e.g. contributes to growth/development

44
Q

Explain introjected regulation

A

Motivated by external pressures e.g. working out to be attractive opposite sex

45
Q

What are the psychological factors affecting motivation according to self-determination theory?

A
  1. The need for autonomy
  2. The need for competence
  3. The need for relatedness
46
Q

Explain what relatedness means

A

To care for others and for them to care for you

47
Q

Who devised cognitive evaluation theory?

A

Deci & Ryan (1985)

48
Q

How does CET relate to self-determination theory?

A

CET is a sub theory of SDT developed to explain variability in intrinsic motivation

49
Q

What does CET propose with regard to motivation?

A

Any event that affects an individual’s perception of competence and feeling of self-determination will also affect their level of intrinsic motivation

50
Q

What are the 3 aspects of rewards that are relevant to intrinsic motivation as considered within CET?

A
  1. Informational aspect
  2. Controlling aspect
  3. Functional significance of the event
51
Q

What is the potential impact of a controlling aspect of reward on intrinsic motivation?

A

Perceived as an external locus of causality which conflicts with the individuals need for self-determination. Leads to decrease in intrinsic motivation

52
Q

In what circumstances can rewards be perceived as relating to an internal locus of causality?

A

Programmes where individuals have the opportunity to provide input about:
- choice of activity
- personal performance goals
- team/class objectives

53
Q

What aspect of intrinsic motivation do the informational aspects of reward affect?

A

Feelings of competence

54
Q

CET - how do winning and losing impact on intrinsic motivation

A

The informational aspect of winning/losing is important

Winning - higher intrinsic motivation

Losing - lower intrinsic motivation but ameliorated by performance-based feedback i.e. positive for meeting a certain standard albeit losing

Winning/losing is less important in determining intrinsic motivation than perception of how well performed

55
Q

With regard to CET, explain the functional significance of the event

A

The relative strength of the informational and controlling aspects of the reward determine the functional significance of the event

56
Q

What are strategies for increasing intrinsic motivation?

A
  1. Provide for successful experiences
  2. Set realistic performance goals
  3. Give rewards contingent on performance (increasing their information value)
  4. Use praise (verbal and non-verbal)
  5. Involve participants in decision making (increases perception of control and self-competence)
57
Q

Who developed self-efficacy theory?

A

Bandura (1977, 1982)

58
Q

What is self-efficacy?

A

Task specific self confidence

59
Q

In what way does self-efficacy theory take an interactional approach?

A

Self-efficacy interacts with environmental determinants to drive behavioural change

60
Q

What is the underlying premise of self-efficacy theory?

A

If an individual has sufficient skills and motivation then the major determinant of performance is self efficacy

61
Q

What factors does the level of self-efficacy affect?

A
  1. Choice of activity
  2. Level of effort
  3. Persistence
  4. Goal setting (high self-efficacy means likely to set challenging goals)
62
Q

What are the 6 principal sources of information from which self-efficacy is derived?

A
  1. Performance accomplishments
  2. Vicarious experience (modelling)
  3. Physiological states
  4. Emotional states
  5. Imaginal experiences
  6. Verbal persuasion
63
Q

What is the three-stage process by which self-efficacy is increased by vicarious experience (modelling)?

A
  1. Attention
  2. Retention
  3. Motor reproduction

Determined by level of Motivation

64
Q

Vicarious experiences - attention - factors on which level of attention depends and how to increase this?

A

Factors on which level of attention depends

  1. Respect for the person observed
  2. Interest in the activity
  3. How well can see and hear

How to increase attention

  1. Focus on a few key points
  2. Demonstrate several times
  3. Let individual know exactly what to look for
65
Q

Vicarious experiences - strategies to increase retention

A
  1. Mental practice techniques
  2. Analogies e.g. liken tennis serve to throwing the racket
  3. Having learners repeat the main points aloud
66
Q

Vicarious experiences - motor reproduction - strategies to increase

A

Teach lead up skills

Provide practice time

67
Q

Vicarious experiences - strategies to increase motivation

A
  1. increase by using praise
  2. communicating the importance of learning the modelled activity
68
Q

Self-efficacy - benefits of verbal persuasion?

A
  1. Enhance enjoyment
  2. Reduce perceived effort
  3. Enhance affective response
69
Q

Self-efficacy - impact of imaginal expereinces

A

Generate beliefs about personal efficacy - imagining themselves or other behaving effectively

but can opposite can also be true

70
Q

Explain in what way physiological states impact self-efficacy?

A

Physiological arousal (e.g. racing heartrate) can be seen as facilitative

or

associate aversive physiological arousal with poor performance/perceived incompetence/failure

71
Q

Explain the relationship between self-efficacy and behaviour change

A

Virtuous (or vicious) circle - reciprocal relationship

72
Q

What are the shortcomings of research into self-efficacy?

A

Not clear whether it is self-confidence more generally or task specific self-efficacy which is in operation.

Only single approach (self-report (questionnaire) used in research

Theory is incomplete as it cannot alone predict performance. It is necessary to also consider skills and incentives involved.

73
Q

Define achievement motivation

A

A person’s motivation to achieve success and avoid failure

74
Q

What does achievement motivation theory try to explain?

A
  1. Choice of activity
  2. Effort to pursue goals
  3. Intensity of effort
  4. Persistence

Psychology 1D (7 decks)

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