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Chemistry paper 2 > Rescources > Flashcards

Rescources Flashcards

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1
Q

What do we use resources for (5)

A

Warmth, shelter, food, materials for clothing, fuels for transport

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2
Q

Agriculture allows use to use the earths resources more _____

A

efficiently

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3
Q

What is a synthetic alternative

A

Replacement of natural resource with synthetic resource,

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4
Q

Is drinking water essential for human life

A

Yes

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5
Q

Drinking water must have

A

sufficiently low levels of dissolved salts

Cannot have high levels of microbes

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6
Q

What is drinking waters scientific name

A

Potable water

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7
Q

Is potable water the same as pure water (why)

A

no

Because pure water contains no dissolved substances at all, but potable water does though in quite small quantity

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8
Q

What does waste water contain

A

Large quantity of organic molecules

from urine and faeces and also contains microorganisms

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9
Q

1st stage of waste water treatment

What is objective of 1st stage

A

Sewage is screened by passing through a mesh

To remove solids and pieces of grit

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10
Q

2nd stage of waste water treatment

What is the objective of the 2nd stage

A

Sewage settles in large sedimentation tanks

To produce a liquid effluent and a semi-solid sludge which sinks.

sludge is taken away and digested by anaerobic bacteria

In the absence of oxygen the bacteria produce bio-gas which can be burned for oxygen

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11
Q

What can the digested sludge be used for in WWT

A

fertilisers for farming

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12
Q

Why is the liquid effluent harmful

A

It contains large quantities of organic molecules and harmful microbes

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13
Q

What must happen to the liquid effluent before being released back into the environment

A

Reduce the harmful microbes and organic molocules

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14
Q

How are harmful microbes and organic molecules reduced

A

Air is bubbled through the liquid effluent. This allows aerobic bacteria to multiply

In the presence of oxygen the aerobic bacteria digest the organic molecules and harmful microbes

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15
Q

If water has been used to make chemicals or paper. what must happen to the water before it can be released back into the environment.

A

Be treated of any harmful chemicals

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16
Q

Whats the easiest way to produce portable water

A

To use ground water from aquifers

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17
Q

Why does the water from an aquifer need to be tested carefully (1)

A

Could be polluted from fertilizers from farms

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18
Q

If water is scarce what is another method of making potable water other than aquifers. (1)

A

Turning waste water from sewage directly into potable water

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19
Q

How could turning waste water from sewage directly into potable water be a expensive (1)

A

Requires many purification steps.

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20
Q

Disadvantage of desalination (2)

A

Requires a lot of energy and is expensive

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21
Q

Process of phytomining (4)

A

Plants are grown on land containing metal compound is that we want.

The plants absorb the metal compound we want and they concentrate it in their tissues

The plants are then harvested then burnt

The ash that remains contains a relatively high concentration of the metal compound

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22
Q

What is a life cycle assessment (2)

A

An attempt to put a number on the environmental impact of a product

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23
Q

What is a disadvantage of extracting metal from ore (1)

A

Lots of unwanted toxic waste products

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24
Q

What substances make plastic bags (1)

A

Using chemicals from crude oil

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25
Q

Where do we get resources from (3)

A

The earths crust, oceans and atmosphere.

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26
Q

What can ammonia be used to make

A

Fertilizers, explosives and dyes

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27
Q

Equation for creating ammonia

A

N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g)

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28
Q

The Haber process

A
  1. Nitrogen and hydrogen are pumped through pipes
  2. The pressure of the mixture of gases is increased to 200 atmospheres.
  3. The pressured gases are heated to 450C and passed through a tank containing an iron catalyst
  4. The reaction mixture is cooled so that ammonia liquefies and can be removed.
  5. Unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen are recycled
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29
Q

Why is unreacted hydrogen and nitrogen recycled

A

Recycling unused reactants saved money and increases overall effective yield

30
Q

What is a fertliser

A

A nutrient added to soil to increase soil fertility

31
Q

What to fertilisers provide for plants

A

They provide mineral ions needed for healthy growth in plants.

32
Q

How do plants absorb mineral ions from the water in the soil

A

They absorb the mineral ions via root hair cells.

33
Q

Why would farmers add fertlisers to there plants

A

Over time the concentration of mineral ions decreases so more mineral ions are required

34
Q

What are NPK formulas made of

A

Nitrogen Phosphorus and potassium

35
Q

Why must fertilizes be soluble in water

A

So they can be absorbed by root hair cells

36
Q

ammonium nitrate formula

A

NH4NO3

37
Q

ammonium sulfate formula

A

(NH4)2SO4

38
Q

ammonium phosphate formula

A

(NH4)3PO4

39
Q

Potassium nitrate formula

A

KNO3

40
Q

Two disadvantages of obtaning raw materials from the earth

A

Using up limited resources such as crude oil and ores

Damaging habitats through quarrying, mining or felling trees

41
Q

What effects does manafactoring products have on the environment

A

Use up land for factories

The use of machines and people

42
Q

What are the disadvantages of disposal of products

A

Using up land for landfill sites

Whether any or all of the product can be recycled or reused

43
Q

What is corrosion

A

Happens when a metal continues to oxidise. The metal becomes weaker over time eventually all of it may become a metal oxide

44
Q

Is rusting a form of corrosion

A

yes

45
Q

Rusting equation

A

Iron + oxygen + water –> hydrated iron (III) oxide

46
Q

What colour is Hydrated iron (III)

A

orange-brown

47
Q

How can u prevent rusting

A

Preventing oxygen or water coming into contact with iron or steel

48
Q

non barrier method of preventing rusting

A

Keep oxygen in a atmosphere of unreactive nitrogen or argon with no oxygen.

Add a desiccant to keep the metal dry.

49
Q

Physical barrier methods for preventing rusting

A

Paiting
Oiling and greasing
Coating with plastic

50
Q

What is electroplating

A

Electroplating involves using electrolysis to put a thin layer of metal on the object

51
Q

Definition of recycling

A

Used materials that have been reprocessed to make new materials

52
Q

LCA of plastic carrier bags

A

Raw Materials: Crude oil is finite. Requires a lot of energy to perform fraction distillation, cracking and polymerization

Manufacture: Cheaper to make large quantities of bags from plastic

Use: Lower impact on environment for plastic bags are strong, so they can be re-used

Disposal: Can sometimes be collected and recycled; if disposed as litter they do biodegrade; could decades of hundreds of years to degrade

53
Q

two advantages of recycling

A
  • Fewer quarries and mines needed to extract finite reserves of metal ores
  • Less crude oil needs to be extracted from the crust as a raw material for making plastics
  • Less energy is needed for recycling compared with making a new product from natural gases is reduced.
  • The amount of waste that is disposed of in landfill is reduced
54
Q

The table shows the percentage of energy saved by recycling compared to extraction from a metal ore.

Metal Energy saved (%)
Iron 70
Aluminium 92
Suggest an explanation for the difference. (6)

A

Aluminum is extracted from its ore using electrolysis but iron is extracted by heating with carbon.

Electrolysis uses more energy, so more energy is used to extract aluminium in the first place.

Aluminium has a lower melting point than iron, so less energy is needed to melt it during recycling.

55
Q

How could we reduce our needs for raw materials

A

Recycling and reusing

56
Q

5 materials humans need for modern life

A

Clay ceramics, plastic, glass, metal and building materials

57
Q

Two ways raw materials can be obtained

A

Mining, quarrying

58
Q

How can quarrying be harmful to the enviroment

A

It produces large amounts of dust and destroys habitats.

59
Q

How can mining be harmful to the enviroment

A

Mining can release harmful chemicals into the environment

60
Q

what are glass bottles recycled into and how

A

They are melted and crushed to make different glass products for example jars.

61
Q

What product could be recycled for a different use

A

Plastic bottles

62
Q

How do we recycle metals

A

We melt them then recast them into different products

63
Q

What problem could come up when trying to recycle metals

A

The metals need to be separated.

64
Q

What is corrosion

A

Corrosion is the destruction of materials by chemical reactions with substances in the environment.

65
Q

What is an e.g of corrsion

A

rusting

66
Q

What does rusting only apply too

A

Iron and alloys of iron such as steel

67
Q

How to carry out an experiment on the conditions required for rusting and the
results

A

We have three test tubes

In the first test tube we have an iron nail in distilled water and the test tube is open to the air.

In the second test tube we, have an iron nail and this is also in boiled distilled water. Boiling the water removes any dissolved air.

The water is then covered with oil. This prevents any air in the test tube from dissolving in the water.

In the third test tube we have anhydrous calcium chloride powder. This removes any water from the air in the test tube.

We also place a rubber bung on the test tube. This prevents any moist air from entering.

In test tube 1, we find that the iron nail is covered in rust.

In test tubes 2 and 3 there is no rust

68
Q

Disadvantages of recycling

A
  • The collection and transport of used items need organisation, workers, vehicles and fuel.
  • It can be difficult to sort different metals from one another
  • The sorted metal may need to be transported to where it can be turned into ingots.
69
Q

Disadvantages of phytoexctraction

A

Its slow

70
Q

Advantages of phytoexctraction

A

Reduces the need to obtain new ore by mining

Conserves limited supplies of high-grade ores

Reduces the amount of rock waste that must be disposed of after traditional mining.

Chemistry paper 2 (5 decks)

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