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Chemistry paper 2 > Organic chemistry > Flashcards

Organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Crude oil

A

is a finite resource that is found in the Earth’s crust. It is the remains of organisms that lived and died millions of years ago

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2
Q

Crude oil is an important source of:

A

Fuels: such as petrol

Feedstock for the petrochemical industry

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3
Q

Alkanes properties

A

differ by CH2 in molecular formulae from neighboring compounds

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4
Q

Methane molecular formula

structural formula

ball and stick model

A

https://bam.files.bbci.co.uk/bam/live/content/zskfk2p/large

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5
Q

Ethane

molecular formula

structural formula

ball and stick model

A

https://bam.files.bbci.co.uk/bam/live/content/zskfk2p/large

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6
Q

Propane

molecular formula

structural formula

ball and stick model

A

https://bam.files.bbci.co.uk/bam/live/content/zskfk2p/large

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7
Q

Butan

molecular formula

structural formula

ball and stick model

A

https://bam.files.bbci.co.uk/bam/live/content/zskfk2p/large

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8
Q

Why are alkanes saturated hydrocarbons

A

they are hydrocarbons because they only contain hydrogen and carbon and saturated because their carbon atoms are joined by C-C single bonds

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9
Q

How does fractional distillation work

A

heated crude oil enters a tall fractionating column,

which is hot at the bottom and gets cooler towards the top

vapours from the oil rise through the column
vapours condense when they become cool enough

liquids are led out of the column at different heights

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10
Q

Why is fractional distillation used

A

Fractional distillation is used to separate crude oil into simpler, more useful mixtures. This method can be used because different hydrocarbons have different boiling points.

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11
Q

Why do smaller hydrocarbons have low BP

A

They have weak IMF so they do not condense, but leave the column as gases. long hydrocarbons molecules have stronger IMF’s, so they have high boiling points. They leave the column as hot liquid bitumen

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12
Q

The fractions of distillation what are they use this fun thingy

Lazy Penguins Keep Drinking Hot Beer.

A

Lazy = liquefied petroleum gases

Penguins = petrol

Keep = kerosene

Drinking = diesel

Hot = heavy fuel oil

Beer = bitumen

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13
Q

Small molecules properties fractional distillation

A

low BP

very volatile

flows easily

ignites esaily

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14
Q

Large molecules properties fractional distillation

A

High BP

not very volatile

does not flow easily

does not ignite easily

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15
Q

Complete combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel occurs when

A

there is a good supply of air. Carbon and hydrogen atoms
in the fuel react with oxygen in an exothermic reaction:

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16
Q

What occurs after a complete combustion of a hydrocarbon

A

carbon dioxide and water are produced

the maximum amount of energy is given out

17
Q

Write a balanced equation for the complete combustion of methane, CH4, found in natural gas.

A

CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O

18
Q

Incomplete combustion occurs when

A

The supply of air or oxygen is poor. Water is still produced, but carbon monoxide and carbon are produced. Less energy is released than during complete combustion.

19
Q

Cracking

A

Cracking is a reaction in which larger saturated hydrocarbon molecules are broken down into smaller, more useful hydrocarbon molecules, some of which are unsaturated:

20
Q

C16H34 is an alkane which can be used as the starting chemical in cracking. One of the products of cracking this compound is an alkane which has 10 carbon atoms in it. Write a balanced symbol equation for this cracking reaction.

A

C16H34 → C10H22 + C6H12

21
Q

Catalytic cracking

A

Catalytic cracking uses a temperature of approximately 550°C and a catalyst known as a zeolite which contains aluminium oxide and silicon oxide

22
Q

Steam cracking

A

Steam cracking uses a higher temperature of over 800°C and no catalyst

23
Q

Two important reasons for cracking

A

It helps to match the supply of fractions with the demand for them.

It produces alkenes, which are useful as feedstock for the petrochemical industry.

24
Q

explain the current supply and demand situation of crude oil

A

The supply is how much of a fraction an oil refinery produces. The demand is how much of a fraction customers want to buy. Very often, fractional distillation of crude oil produces more of the larger hydrocarbons than can be sold, and less of the smaller hydrocarbons than customers want.

25
Q

How does cracking help match the supply with the demand

A

Smaller hydrocarbons are more useful as fuels than larger hydrocarbons. Since cracking converts larger hydrocarbons into smaller hydrocarbons, the supply of fuels is improved.

26
Q

Is it alkanes or alkenes which are saturated

A

alkanes

27
Q

Why are alkenes more reactive than alkanes

A

because they are unsaturated

Chemistry paper 2 (5 decks)

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