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Special species scs RUSVM > Reptiles > Flashcards

Reptiles Flashcards

1
Q

Stomach volume in chelonians is about __% of body weight, or ___ml/kg.

A

2

20

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2
Q

When restaining a snake you should place your index finger and thumb around its _____ and support the body every ___ feet of length.

A

Mandible

3

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3
Q

T/F: Size does not always indicate age in reptiles.

A

True

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4
Q

Does a male or female turtle/tortois have a longer tail?

A

Male

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5
Q

Aside from dehydration what can cause hyperalbuminemia in reptiles?

A

Reproductive activity

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6
Q

The tertiary spectacle shields that cover and protect the surface of the corneas of some reptiles are derivative structures that originate from the:

a. skin
b. nasolacrimal duct
c. gingiva
d. iris
e. cilairy body

A

a. skin

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7
Q

Many reptiles have moveable eyelids. Which reptiles lack these structures?

a. turtles, tortoises, terrapins
b. alligators, caimans, crocodiles, and gharials
c. snakes and some lizards
d. tuatara
e. frogs and toads

A

C. Snakes and some lizards

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8
Q

Why should you avoid feeding excess shellfish and certain fish to carvivorous reptiles?

A

Shellfish = Poor Calcium:Phosporous ratio and

Some fish= contain thiaminase

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9
Q

For invasive or prolonged procedures, what inhalants are recommened? What should you do for 24 hours post-anesthesia?

A

Isoflurane

Sevoflurane (maybe faster recovery)

Dry dock (q24 hrs)- keep them out of the water

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10
Q

What are the modified scales called that crocodiles and chelonians have?

A

Scutes (some are osteoderms)

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11
Q

Venomous snakes have ___ rows of teeth in the upper arcade, while non-venomous snakes have ___ rows.

A

2

4

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12
Q

What antibiotics are commonly used in reptiles for aerobes? Anaerobes? Broad spectum?

A

Aerobes: Amikacin (renal toxicity), Ceftazidime, Enrofloxacin (muscle/tissue necrosis- always dilute)

Anaerobes: Metronidazole, Clindamycin, Penicillin

Broad-spec: Chloramphenicol

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13
Q

When sexing a female snake, how far should you be able to insert the probe?

a. At least 9-15 subcadals
b. 5 subcaudals
c. At most 1-3 subcaudals
d. Not at all

A

c. At most 1-3 subcaudals

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14
Q

What does sternothermal mean? Eurythermal?

A

Both are types of ectotherms

Stenothermal: Typically terrestrial species, able to tolerate only a small range of temperature.

Eurythermal: typically aquatic or arboreal species, able to tolerate a wide range of temperatures.

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15
Q

What 2 drugs are commonly used for antifungal therapy?

A

Intraconazole

Fluconazole

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16
Q

What is POTR (or POTZ)?

A

A range of temperature that varies by species- Preferred Optimal Temperature Range/Zone

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17
Q

What are the main things you need to ask about when getting a history?

A

Background (where acquired, length of ownership…)

Environment (temp, humidity, lighting…)

Nutrition (type, amount, frequency…)

Reproductive (breeding, egg-laying)

Current health status (Eating/drinking, feces/urine appearance, past hx, problems…)

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18
Q

What is the gold standard site for venipuncture in lizards?

A

Jugular vein

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19
Q

In lizards enclosure dimensions are based on _____, while in snakes it is ______ and in turtles it is ________.

A

Lizards: Snout-to-tail length

Snakes: Total length

Turtles: Carapace length

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20
Q

Why is butorphanol not selected for analgesia in reptiles? What is used instead?

A

Reptiles have more mu receptors

Pure mu agonsits (morphine, hydro, fentanyl)

Tramadol (weaker)

Meloxicam (NSAID)

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21
Q

T/F: Oviducts, which have albumin and shell secreting function, empty directly into the cloaca through the genital papillae.

A

True

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22
Q

Due to the _________ system, injections should only be administered in reptiles in the _____ portion of the body.

A

Renal portal

Cranial

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23
Q

T/F: Venipuncture is often performed with blind technique and always with aseptic sterilization.

A

True

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24
Q

The caudal portion of a reptiles lungs is responsible for _____ while the cranial portion is for ______. Except for snakes, which typically only have a one lung on the _____ side.

A

Storage

Gas-exchange

Right (note: Boas have vestigial left lugn)

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25
Q

Where do you give ICF in lizards? Snakes?

A

Lizards - Right side of lower abdomen (to avoid bladder)

Snakes - Lower third of body (to avoid lung)

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26
Q

Prey for snakes should not be larger than the ____ of the snake.

A

Girth

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27
Q

What must you ensure before NSAID administration? For how many days, at most, can you administer these?

A

Good renal function

3 days

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28
Q

What is the primary nitrogenous waste product in reptiles?

A

Uric acid (they are uricotelic)

Rather than urea

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29
Q

You notice pyramiding in a tortoise. What are 2 possible causes of this?

A

Lack of humidity (<25%)

Incorrect diet

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30
Q

What is the vemeronasal organ that opens into the mouth which is innervated by the olfactory nerve in snakes?

A

Jacobson’s organ

(Found in many animals)

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31
Q

What are the routine views for chelonian rads?

A

DV

Lateral

Craniocaudal/AP (for lung fields)

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32
Q

Concerning reptiles, which statement is most accurate?

a. Most boids have 2 lungs
b. Most viperids have 2 lungs
c. Like birds, most snakes have a single ovary
d. Anatomically, if not functinally, snakes have a pelvic dirdle
e. All snakes have a mandibular sympthysis

A

a. Most boids have 2 lungs

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33
Q

How much blood can you take from a reptile?

A

0.5ml/100g (10% of blood volume) in a healthy animal

34
Q

What 3 areas should you place thermometers in an enclosure?

A

Basking spot

Temperate zone

Cool area

35
Q

Which of these is the correct order in the cloaca?

Urodeum- Coprodeum - Proctodeum- Vent

Coprodeum-Proctodeum-Urodeum-Vent

Coprodeum- Urodeum- Proctodeum- Vent

A

Coprodeum- Urodeum- Proctodeum- Vent

(C-U-P)

36
Q

What is ecdysis? What stimulates it in reptiles?

A

Regular shedding of skin

Thyroid gland/hormones

No shedding= Dysecdysis

37
Q

Snakes and some species of lizard have fused eyelids which form a transparent membrane over the globe. What is this called?

A

Brille / Spectacle

(Pic shows just before shedding)

38
Q

A young turtle presents to you with bilateral blepharoedema, discharge from the nares and eyes, weight-loss, and overall ADR. What are you thinking and how can you confirm your suspicions?

A

Hypovitaminosis A

Vit A assay of liver or Vit A level in blood

39
Q

What is the preferred mode of administration for vit A supplementation?

A

Oral (e.g. feed small pieces of liver)

40
Q

What are these?

A

Esophageal papillae (sea turtle)

41
Q

Which antiparasitic drug is sometimes counterindicated because it causes bone marrow suppression?

A

Fenbendazole

42
Q

Why should an aquatic reptile be positioned vertically in the water column when you are handling them in the water?

A

To prevent them from biting

To prevent them from swimming (take them out of their normal element)

43
Q

What part of the physical exam can when combined with body weight help in identifying nutritional problems?

A

Morphometric measurements

44
Q

What can you do instead of general anesthesia to take rads of lizards?

A

Vasovagal response- tape cotton balls over the eyes to apply pressure

(Gives you about 30min)

45
Q

What do you use to get heart rate and rhythm in reptiles? How many chambers does a raptile heart have? What is the exception?

A

Doppler (NOT a stethoscope)

3 chambers - common ventricle + 2 atria

Crocodiles

46
Q

How could you easily remove excessive epibiota from a saltwater turtle?

A

Place it in freshwater

47
Q

Why must you provide both UVA and UVB light? Why should the bulb NOT shine through glass?

A

UVA for behavioral reasons

UVB for Calcium ansorption, vitamin D production in skin (prevent bone disease)

Glass deflects UVB light

48
Q

What do reptiles have instead of neutrophils?

A

Heterophils

49
Q

What is the most common site for venipuncture in small to medium crocodilians? In larger ones?

A

Caudal (ventral tail) vein

Supravertebral sinus

50
Q

What are the properties of honey that make it such good wound dressing?

A

Hyperosmotic (kills bacteria and fungi by dessication)

Acidic (pH=4 inhibits bacterial growth)

Produces hydrogen peroxide (kills bacteria)

51
Q

What are the diagnostic you would perform following a physical exam?

A

CBC

Plasma biochemistry panel

Rads

Fecal

Other specialized diagnostics as needed

52
Q

Why do you not get a consensual PLR in reptiles?

A

Iris is controlled by skeletal muscle

53
Q

What are the only reptiles that have a pseudodiaphgram?

A

Crocodilians (all other have NO diaphragm)

54
Q

What can occur if you only feed crickets rather than a variety of insects and grubs?

A

Chitin impaction

55
Q

What is the normal calcium to phosphorous ratio? What if the reptile has renal disease?

A
  1. 5-2 : 1
    1: 1.5-2 (inverse)
56
Q

How many mLs of blood can safely been drawn from a reptile weighing 800grams?

A

4mL

57
Q

Why should you chop up the variety of fruits, vegetables and flowers that you are feeding your lizard?

A

So they cannot preferentially eat one type of food (maintain balanced diet)

58
Q

Which disorder results in the deposition of uric acid and urate salts within visceral tissues and on articular surfaces? What is the typical history of affected animals?

A

Nutritional Gout

Adults reptile, water deprived, high protein diet

59
Q

What disorder, most common in lizards and aquatic turtles, is caused by an imbalance of Ca:P ratio (excess P), and inadequate UV light exposure, presents with muscle tremors and skeletal changes?

A

Secondary Nutritional Hyperparathyroidism

Excess P can be caused by diet high in shrimp

60
Q

Why should you avoid feeding parsley, spinach, chives and alfalfa to herbivorous reptiles? Why should you also avoid brussels sprouts, bronccoli, cauliflower, kale, radish and watercress? (what are they rich and and what does this cause)

A

Parsley etc. are rich in oxalic acid which binds calcium and reduces absorption

Brussels sprouts etc. bind iodine (are glucosinolates) which leads to goiter formation

61
Q

Signatory nations to the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wilf Fauna and Flora (CITES) have agreed that animals listed in Appendix 1 of that treaty:

a. may not be exported from their native countries for any reason
b. are a cause of concern, but trade between cooperating nations may be approved for commercial purposes
c. may not be exported for commercial purposes, but limited trade between zoos and educational institutions may occur
d. are not in immediate danger of extinction, but will become so if trade is not controlled
e. can be freely traded for any purpose as long as permits are obtained by the exporting nation

A

c. may not be exported for commercial purposes, but limited trade between zoos and educational institutions may occur

62
Q

What are the gold standard venipuncture sites in turtles, tortoises and terrapins?

A

Jugular vein - all (alternative= Brachial)

Dorsal cervical sinus - sea turtles (hard shell)

Interdigital- Leatherbacks

63
Q

What is the most common site for venipuncture in snakes and where is it located? What is the alternative location?

A

Caudal (ventral tail) vein

Caudal to cloaca, 25-50% down tail, 45-60deg angle on ventral midline

Alternative: Heart (under sedation)

64
Q

How long do boids (like boas and python) have to be quarantines? What about tortoises during hybernation?

A

6 months

4-6 weeks following hibernation

Other reptiles at least 90 days

65
Q

Which 2 species have complete trachea rings? Which have incomplete rings?

A

Complete: Crocs, Chelonians

Incomplete: Lizards, Snakes

66
Q

Never use ______ in chelonians!!

A

IVERMECTIN

67
Q

Why is inhalant anesthesia difficult in some reptiles?

A

Can hold breath for long time (5 hours)

68
Q

What disorder are you thinking if you see lytic lesions near joints? How is it treated?

A

Gout

Correct husbandry (low purine diet, high moisture good, mist and regualr water access)

Drugs: Probenecid (increase secretion), Allopurinol (reduce hepatic production), Corticoteroids (inflammation)

IVF as needed

+/- Surgery

69
Q

What nutritional deficiency causes neurological signs due to necrotizing encephalopathy and peripheral neuritis? How do you treat it?

A

Thiamine

Vit B-1 (thiamine) IM

70
Q

What foreign body may you find in the urinary bladder in oviparous or oviviparious( female) reptiles?

A

Egg(s)

71
Q

What methods of fluid administration are indicated in severely compromised chelonians?

A

IV

IO

(Also the route for blood, colloids,a nd fluids w>5% dextrose)

72
Q

What is CITES?

A

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species

(Appendix 1-3)

73
Q

What are the anticoagulants of choice for reptiles and why?

A

Lithium and Sodium Heparin

Because EDTA causes RBC lysis in chelonians

Make sure you dont let Na-Hep tube sit too long because it will increase Na value

74
Q

T/F: Some, but not all, species of lizard can regrow their tail after they have dropped it, usually due to stress.

A

True

75
Q

What can a frozen fish diet cause in reptiles?

A

Thiamine deficiency

76
Q

What 3 fluid types are comonly used in reptiles?

A

Normasol-R

LRS

“Reptile Ringers Solition” (LRS + Dextrose + NaCl)

77
Q

What percent of body weight do reptiles need to eat daily?

A

7%

78
Q

What must you be careful to avoid if administering fluids intracelomically in chelonians as you are accessing this cavity via the inguinal fossa?

A

Bladder

Kidney

Gonads

79
Q

Lizards and crocodilians usually have an _____ ear while snakes only have an _____ ear. Chelonians and some species of lizards have an external _______.

A

External

Inner

Tympanum

80
Q

Excess moisture in the envrionment can lead to _____, while inadequate moistue leads to _______ and _____.

A

Dermatitis

Dessication, Dysecdysis

81
Q

What is the maintenance fluid rate in reptiles?

A

15 ml/kg/day

(up 20 ml/kg/day)

82
Q

For short, non-invasive surgical procedures or for induction what drugs can you use?

A

Dexmedetomidine (or Medetomidine) +/- Ketamine

  • (low dose ketamin is synergistic w/(dex)medetomidine)*
  • (Dex)medetomidine can be reversed with atipamazole*

Propol + saline (1:2 dilution)

Alfaxalone + Midazolam

Special species scs RUSVM (5 decks)

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