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Special species scs RUSVM > Avian (Cruz) > Flashcards

Avian (Cruz) Flashcards

1
Q

What color is bruising in birds?

A

Green

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2
Q

What can be seen on a blood film from a bird with lead poisoning

A

Irregular, damaged, “angry” RBCs

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3
Q

T/F Birds are very prone to cataract formation, especially after trauma.

A

True

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4
Q

What sites can you take blood from on a bird? Which is preferred? Where are hematomas least likely?

A

Right jugular vein (preferred)

Ulnar/Wing/Basilic Vein (At the elbow)

Medial metatarsal vein (hematomas least likely)

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5
Q

How do you expose the skin on a bird (for examination)?

A

Gently (skin thin, easily broken, easily bruised) spread feathers to the side

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6
Q

Feathers are arranged in ____.

A

Tracts

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7
Q

What does it indicate if a bird is not preening itself?

A

The bird is sick/neglected

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8
Q

What are these feathers called?

A

Blood feathers/Growth feathers

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9
Q

What are these? What do they indicate?

A

Stress bars (disruption in the normal pattern/color of the feather)

Indicate a chronic issue causing stress to the bird

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10
Q

What are the feathers indicated in red (1-10)?

What are the feathers indicated in blue (1-16)?

A

Primary flight feathers (attach to metacarpals and digits)

Secondary flight feathers (attach to ulna)

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11
Q

What is the feather called that is blacked out?

A

Downy

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12
Q

What is the process of a bird replacing its feathers called?

A

Molting

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13
Q

T/F: Feathers are used for thermoregulation.

A

True

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14
Q

How do we treat a broken blood feather?

a. Trim it and apply pressure to stop the bleeding
b. Pluck the feather while mildly restraining the bird
c. Anesthetize the bird, pluck the feather, and use a hemostatic agent or procedure to stop the bleeding
d. Nothing, it will molt and regrow eventually.

A

c. Anesthetize the bird, pluck the feather, and use a hemostatic agent or procedure to stop the bleeding

This is an EMERGENCY and PAINFUL

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15
Q

How would you remove feathers around a wound to clean up the wound?

a. Trim with small animal clippers
b. Pluck by hand or forceps
c. Cut at the very base using curved scissors

A

b. Pluck by hand or forceps

GENTLY!

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16
Q

What’s going on here?

A

Feather cysts!

Common in DOMESTIC/PET birds not in wild birds

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17
Q

T/F: Open fractures are more common than closed fractures in birds.

A

True

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18
Q

What type of bandage would you apply to an open wing fracture to protect it?

A

Wet-to-Wet

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19
Q

You know what to do

A
  1. Humerus
  2. Radius (on top)
  3. Ulna
  4. Radiale (top) and Ulnare
  5. Carpometacarpus
  6. Second digit (specifically phalanx 2)
  7. Primary feathers

8 . Secondary feathers

  1. First digit
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20
Q

In the picture below, the blue bones are called the _______ and are made up of fused _____ vertebrae.

A

Notarium

Thoracic

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21
Q

In the picture below, the bones in blue are called the ______ and are fused __________ vertebrae.

A

Synsacrum

Lumbar and sacral

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22
Q

Where is a common place for spinal fractures in birds?

A

The free vertebrae between the notarium and synsacrum

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23
Q

What 3 things can you assess/do to determine whether a spinal fracture is present if you do not have an x-ray machine?

A

Pinch the toe (no response indicates spinal fracture)

Assess the area around the cloaca (heavily soiled indicates fracture)

Move feathers to the side on the back between the synsacrum and notarium and look for buising or palapate for a fracture (can apply alcohol for better visualization)

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24
Q

What structure is used to assess a BCS in a bird? What muscles attach here?

A

Keel/ stenrum

Pectoral muscles

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25
Q

What structure do you use for radiographic positioning?

A

Keel/sternum

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26
Q

What is this bone?

A

Clavicle

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27
Q

What is this bone?

A

Coracoid

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28
Q

What is this bone?

A

Scapula

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29
Q

What is the treatment for a fractured scapula, coracoid or clavicle?

A

Body wrap

30
Q

Can you flush/irrigate a pneumatic bone for wound care?

A

Yes, but must be extremely careful and gentle

31
Q

When placing an intraosseus catheter in a vird, which bone is most often used?

A

Ulna

32
Q

Which bones in birds are pneumatic?

A

Skull

Humerus

Clavicle

Keel

Pelvic girdle

Lumbar and sacral vertebrae

33
Q

What is indicated by the blue arrow? What about the blue arrow head? What are their purose?

A

Major paragial ligament/tendon

Minor paragial ligament/tendon

Increase the surface area of the wings

34
Q

Where are SQ fluids ususally administered?

A

Inguinal area

35
Q

On most birds, the _________ bone is most proximal featherless part of the leg.

A

Tarsometatarsus

36
Q

In terms of the oral cavity, what does hypovitaminosis A cause?

A

Blunting of papilla around palantine fissure

37
Q

What is the most commonly used inhalant anesthetic? At what percent for maintenance?

A

Isoflurane

2-3%

38
Q

Why should gentle PPV be always be administered to a bird under anesthesia?

A

To ventillate the airsacs (which are being squished by the organs)

39
Q

The movement of which of the following structures areneeded in the respiratory cycle?

a. Stenrum and ribcage
b. Deep and superficial pectoral muscles
c. Coracoid
d. Synsacrum and notarium
e. a and b

A

e

Stenrum and ribcage

Deep and superficial pectoral muscles

40
Q

What percentage of body weight is blood in a bird? What percentage of this volume can be safely sampled (i.e. removed)

A

10%

10%

41
Q

What larger structure is indicated by the arrow? What are the smaller structures surrounding it?

A

Choana

Papillae

42
Q

You know what to do

A

A- Choana

B- Arytenoid Cartilage

C- Glottis

D-Tongue

43
Q

You know what to do

A

A- Keel

B- Ribs

C- Heart

D- Airsac

E-Proventriculus

F- Small intestines

G- Ventriculus

44
Q

You know what to do

A

A- Trachea

B-Esophagus

D- Lungs

45
Q

The crop is on the ____(left/right) side of the bird.

A

Right

46
Q

Which organ is found at the junction of the proventriculus and the ventriculus?

A

Spleen

47
Q

Why should the mucles in the limbs not be used for injections?

A

Renal portal system

48
Q

Which side is the ovary in the normal bird?

A

Left

49
Q

Which nerve is affected in Marek’s Disease?

A

Sciatic

50
Q

You know what to do

A

A- Tracea

B- Lungs

C- Airsac space

D- Liver

E- Esophagus/Crop

F- Proventriculus

G- Ventriculus

H- Intestines

J- Kidney

X- Gonads and adrenals

Y- Spleen (or where is should be)

51
Q

Finding what in poop indicates maldigestion?

A

Undigested food

Seeds

52
Q

Why do birds not get jaundice?

A

They do not have biliverdin reductase

53
Q

What 3 components do normal bird droppings contain?

A

Urates Feces Urine

54
Q

Finding what in feces may indicate a clostridium infection?

A

Gas bubbles

55
Q

Biliverdinuria and green feces indicates what disease process?

A

Advanced liver disease

56
Q

A lot of urine in feces indicates what disease process?

A

Renal disease

57
Q

T/F Iron toxicity can cause an increase in biliverdin resulting in green droppings.

A

True

58
Q

Pet birds have predominantly gram ____ flora.

A

Positive

59
Q

T/F E.coli can be cultures in normal psittacines and raptors.

A

True

60
Q

What is the most common cause of SQ emphysema caused by airsac leakage and what bacterial organim is most commonly associated with this?

A

Cats

P. multocida

61
Q

What can be seen on a blood film from a bird with aspergillosis?

A

Irregular, poorly defined, “angry”, activated heterophils

62
Q

Oropharyngeal lesions (white plaques on mouth) can be caused by:

a. Candida
b. Capillaria
c. Papillomatosis
d. Pox virus
e. Trichomonas
f. All of the above

A

f. All of the above

63
Q

What are the 8 P’s?

A
  1. Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease (Circovirus)
  2. Psittacosis
  3. Proventricular Dilation Disease (Borna virus)
  4. Pox virus
  5. Papillomatosis
  6. Pacheco’s Disease (Herpesvirus)
  7. Polyoma
  8. Paramyxovirus (Newcastle disease)
64
Q

T/F: Psittacosis is zoonotic.

A

True

65
Q

What are the 3 forms of Psittacosis?

A

Respiratory

Gastrointestinal (lime green diarrhea)

Non-specific debilitating

66
Q

What antibiotics (class) are used to treat Psittacosis?

A

Tetracyclines

67
Q

T/F: Pox virus is not very contagious, direct contact is required.

A

False, super contagious

68
Q

_______ infections can cause cloacal prolapse.

A

Papillomavirus

69
Q

Which disease causes outbreaks of sudden death and characteristic lesions on the liver?

A

Pacheco’s disease

70
Q

Which disease causes profuse SQ hemorrhage?

A

Polyoma

71
Q

Which virus causes torticollis?

A

Paramyxovirus

72
Q

What ectoparasite causes mange in birds?

A

Knemidokoptes (scaly face and leg mites)

Special species scs RUSVM (5 decks)

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