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Reptiles Flashcards

1
Q

Do reptiles have internal or external fertilisation?

A

Internal.

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2
Q

What allowed reptiles to be independent of an aquatic environment?

A

Amniotic eggs.

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3
Q

What kind of skin do reptiles have?

A

A dry scaly skin.

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4
Q

When did reptiles appear on land?

A

Approximately 350 million years ago. Largest land mammals for 200 million years.

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5
Q

How did many amphibians become extinct?

A

They lost out in competition with reptiles.

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6
Q

How many species of lizards are there in Grenada?

A

8-9.

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7
Q

How many species of turtle are there in Grenada?

A

5.

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8
Q

How many species of tortoise are there in Grenada?

A

1.

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9
Q

How many species of snakes are there in Grenada?

A

6.

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10
Q

Is the common iguana nocturnal or diurnal?

A

Diurnal.

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11
Q

What is the scientific name for the common iguana?

A

Iguana iguana.

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12
Q

What do common iguanas normally eat?

A

Omnivorous - mangoes, prickly pear, vegetation and sometimes eggs (birds), and carrion.

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13
Q

What kind of habitat does the common iguana live in?

A

Prefer xeric (dry) habitats but can be found in mesic (moist.)

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14
Q

How many eggs do females lay in a clutch?

A

They lay up to 45 eggs in April and May.

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15
Q

Are reptiles ectothermic?

A

Yes.

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of iguanas?

A

Young iguanas are bright lime green.

Adults are typically shades of grey with banded tail.

Groom (1970) states that they can reach 5’ in length.

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17
Q

What age do female common iguanas mature?

A

Around 3 years old.

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18
Q

How long does it take for iguana eggs to hatch?

A

14 weeks.

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19
Q

Are common iguanas often hunted in Grenada?

A

Yes.

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20
Q

What is the scientific name of the Garmans ground lizard?

A

Ameiva ameiva

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21
Q

Is the Garmans ground lizard nocturnal or diurnal?

A

Diurnal.

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22
Q

Is the Garmans ground lizard native to Grenada?

A

Yes.

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23
Q

What is the Garmans ground lizard preyed upon by?

A

Mongoose and cats.

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24
Q

What do Garmans ground lizards look like?

A

Males are brilliant blue while females are brown with buff side stripes.

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25
Q

What is the Garmans ground lizards range?

A

Species range includes Trinidad and Tobago and Panama through Brazil.

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26
Q

What is the scientific name of the Garmans ground lizard that is found in Grenada and St Vincent?

A

Ameiva ameiva tobagana

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27
Q

What does the Garmans ground lizard eat?

A

Omnivorous: insects, young anoles, small mammals, beetles, crickets, snails and some seeds and vegetation

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28
Q

Where does the Garmans ground lizard lay their eggs?

A

May lay eggs in burrows or in depression in the ground

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29
Q

What is the scientific name for the common wall lizard?

A

Anolis aeneus.

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30
Q

What are the characteristics of the common wall lizard?

A

Grey, green or brown coloration with mottled darker brown blotches or spots.

Throat fan or dewlap is whitish to duller green.
SVL = 77mm. (3 inches).

Significantly smaller than Anoles richardii.

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31
Q

What is the distribution of the common wall lizard in Grenada?

A

Ubiquitous in distribution across Grenada in both xeric and mesic habitats.

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32
Q

How does the common wall lizard capture its prey?

A

Capturing prey involves watching from an elevated perch followed by sprints to capture prey and return to perch.

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33
Q

Which lizard will Will congregate with other lizards to forage where food or prey is plentiful?

A

The common wall lizard.

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34
Q

What are the predators of the common wall lizard?

A

Predators include: tree boas, grackles, cattle egrets, other Anolis lizards (both species), cats etc.

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35
Q

What are the breeding characteristics of the common wall lizard?

A

Seasonal breeder.

Courtship displays involve a lot of head bobbing and fan displays.

Eggs will be laid in moist soil but will be retained if soil is not moist.

Females lay a single egg every 12 days or so and are laid in the female’s territory.

Hatchlings emerge from August to December 1 inch or so in length (SVL).

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36
Q

What is the scientific name of the crested or tree lizard?

A

Anolis richardii.

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37
Q

Which lizards population decreases with elevation?

A

The crested or tree lizard.

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38
Q

Is the crested or tree lizard diurnal or nocturnal?

A

Diurnal.

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39
Q

What are the aggressive territorial displays made by the crested or tree lizard?

A

Huffing.

Dewlap extended.

Stretching out.

Tail up and lashing.

Intense bobbing.

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40
Q

What does the crested or tree lizard eat?

A

Omnivorous: variety of insects as well as berries, snails, worms other anoles, eggs, some vegetation.

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41
Q

Of which lizard is little known about its reproduction cycle?

A

The crested or tree lizard. Probably similar to the anolis aeuneus.

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42
Q

What are the predators of the tree or crested lizard?

A

Predators include: broad-winged hawk, tree boas, egrets, etc.

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43
Q

Which lizard does well in human dominated and mediated habitats?

A

The crested or tree lizard.

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44
Q

What family does the South Antillean Slippery Back Lizard belong to?

A

Skinks.

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45
Q

What is the scientific name of the South Antillean Slippery Back Lizard?

A

Mabuya mabouya OR (Mabuya bistriata).

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46
Q

What does a skink look like?

A

Skinks have very short legs and no defined neck. Some skinks have no legs at all and look and move like snakes.

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47
Q

What does a skink eat?

A

Slugs, snails, some rodents.

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48
Q

Of which reptile is virtually nothing known about?

A

Skinks.

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49
Q

Are skinks diurnal or nocturnal?

A

Diurnal.

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50
Q

Where do skinks tend to live?

A

Xeric habitat: dry shrub coastal woodlands.

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51
Q

What do skinks tend to eat?

A

Insects.

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52
Q

How do skinks re-produce?

A

Reproduction: viviparous (bearing live young) 3-5 embryos per gravid female.

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53
Q

The populations of which reptile in the Grenadines, including Grenada, are in question re: which species they belong to?

A

Skinks.

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54
Q

What is the family of Underwood’s Spectacled Tegu?

A

Gymnophthalmidae.

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55
Q

What is the scientific name of Underwood’s Spectacled Tegu?

A

Gymnophthalmus underwoodi.

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56
Q

What is the range of Underwood’s Spectacled Tegu?

A

West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago, northern South America.

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57
Q

What is the habitat of Underwood’s Spectacled Tegu?

A

Sandy coastal woodlands just off the beach in leaf litter and trees, dry forest leaf litter.

Grenada found in lowland dry forests.

Semi-fossorial.

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58
Q

What is Parthenogenesis?

A

Female egg develops without fertilization by sperm.

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59
Q

Which lizard has Parthenogenesis?

A

Underwood’s Spectacled Tegu.

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60
Q

What does the Underwood’s Spectacled Tegu eat?

A

Forages for small invertebrates on the forest floor.

Small insects, and larvae…ants and termites.

61
Q

What predators prey on the Underwood’s Spectacled Tegu?

A

Domestic and feral cats, hawks, and other larger birds, chickens.

62
Q

Which lizards are terrific colonisers?

A

Underwood’s Spectacled Tegu.

63
Q

Which lizard has low genetic diversity?

A

Underwood’s Spectacled Tegu.

64
Q

How long does it take Underwood’s Spectacled Tegu eggs to hatch?

A

4-6 eggs laid in June in leaf litter or loose soil

Young emerge 61+ days later.

65
Q

What does the Underwood’s Spectacled Tegu look like?

A

SVL to 64 mm (2.5 inches), but tail can be almost twice the length of the body.

Reduced limbs with 4 digits on front limbs and 2 on hind limbs.

Body is covered with large scales that overlap each other.

66
Q

What is the range of the bachia bicolor?

A

Grenada Bank…also in Trinidad, Tobago and Venezuela.

67
Q

What is the habitat of the bachia bicolor?

A

Habitat: rotting logs and rotting leaf litter, moist mulch-like vegetative material.

68
Q

What does the bachia bicolour eat?

A

Insects and insect larvae.

69
Q

What is the family of the gekko?

A

Gekkonidae.

70
Q

What is the scientific name of the gekko?

A

Hemidactylus mabouia.

71
Q

What is the range of the gekko?

A

Across the West Indies, South and Central America and Mexico and across Africa (native range).

72
Q

Which lizard was likely introduced during the slave trade?

A

Gekkos.

73
Q

Which lizard is associated with human habitation and distributed around the world by same?

A

Gekkos.

74
Q

Are geckos nocturnal or diurnal?

A

Nocturnal.

75
Q

Which lizards communicate by clicking vocalisations?

A

Gekkos.

76
Q

Which lizard has a tail that breaks off and lays twitching on the ground/floor…keeps predators focused on tail while it escapes?

A

Gekkos.

77
Q

What do geckos eat?

A

Insects.

78
Q

What preys on geckos?

A

Larger birds, snakes, larger anoles.

79
Q

How do geckos reproduce?

A

Lays 3 - 4 eggs may be is a communal laying site.

80
Q

Where can geckos be found in Grenada?

A

In rock crevices, holes in walls, under rocks in woods on Hog Island.

81
Q

What is the family of the Turnip-tailed Gecko?

A

Phyllodactylidae.

82
Q

What is the scientific name of the Turnip-tailed Gecko?

A

Thecadactylus rapicauda.

83
Q

What is the range of the turnip tailed gecko?

A

Southern Lesser Antilles and South and Central America.

84
Q

What does a turnip tailed gecko look like?

A

Eyes are spaced far apart with elliptical pupils.

Tiny hooks on adhesive toe pads.

Stubby tail which is in a bent position when animal is resting.

Often solid greenish brown colour.

85
Q

Are turnip tailed geckos nocturnal or diurnal?

A

Nocturnal.

86
Q

What do turnip tailed geckos eat?

A

Mainly insects but also young anoles.

87
Q

Of which lizard is there a Irrational fear that animal will stay attached if it falls on a person…so, is removed by applying hot iron or cigarettes…which causes animal to die?

A

Turnip tailed gecko.

88
Q

Which lizard makes a loud chirping noise?

A

Turnip tailed gecko.

89
Q

Which is larger the house gecko or Turnip tailed gecko?

A

Turnip tailed gecko.

90
Q

Which lizard has only one species identified in the genus?

A

Turnip tailed gecko.

91
Q

Which lizard uses its tail for fat storage?

A

Turnip tailed gecko.

92
Q

What colour is the Turnip tailed gecko?

A

Color range from grey to a burnt orange.

Able to change colors to match environment.

93
Q

What does viviparous mean?

A

Bears live young.

94
Q

How many venomous snakes are there on Grenada?

A

None.

95
Q

What do snakes eat?

A

Snakes are exclusively carnivorous.

96
Q

What order are snakes?

A

Squamata.

97
Q

What is the family of the tree boa?

A

Boidae.

98
Q

What is the scientific name of the tree boa?

A

Corallus grenadensis.

99
Q

What is the scientific name of the black cribo?

A

Clelia clelia.

100
Q

What is the scientific name of the Shaws racer?

A

Leophis melanotus.

101
Q

What is the family of the black cribo?

A

Dipsadidae.

102
Q

What is the family name of the Shaws racer?

A

Dipsadidae.

103
Q

What is the family name of the Boddaert’s tree snake?

A

Colubridae.

104
Q

What is the scientific name of the Boddaert’s tree snake?

A

Mastigodryas brusei.

105
Q

What is the family name of the Neuweid’s moon snake?

A

Colubridae.

106
Q

What is the scientific name of the Neuweid’s moon snake?

A

Pseudoboa neuweidi.

107
Q

What is the family of the Grenada blind snake?

A

Typhlopidae.

108
Q

What is the scientific name of the Grenada blind snake?

A

Typhlops tasymicris.

109
Q

What snakes are endemic to the Grenada bank?

A

Tree boa.

Grenada Blind snake.

Boddaert’s tree snake.

Black Cribo.

110
Q

Which snake apparently only survives on Grenada?

A

Black cribo.

111
Q

Which non endemic snakes are found on Grenada?

A

Shaws racer.

Neuweids moon snake.

112
Q

Which snake has not been seen on Grenada since 1883?

A

Neuweids moon snake.

113
Q

Which snake was possibly never in Grenada but is still found in Trinidad, and South America?

A

Shaws racer.

114
Q

Is the Grenada tree boa nocturnal or diurnal?

A

Nocturnal.

115
Q

How long can the tree boa grow up to?

A

6 feet.

116
Q

Where does the Grenada tree boa live?

A

In trees. It is arboreal.

Dry thorn/scrub habitat to mangrove habitat to rain forest habit up to about 525 m. to agricultural areas.

Smaller snakes tend to be in dry thorn/scrub habitat and larger snakes in fruit trees, mangroves and rainforest.

117
Q

How does the Grenada tree boa give birth to its young?

A

Viviparous reproduction. Approximately 20 born June-Nov

118
Q

What does the Grenada tree boa eat?

A

Eats lizards when young and resides in drier, lower elevations.

Eats small mammals, lizards, amphibians when older and moves to higher elevation.

119
Q

Which snake is an excellent rat catcher?

A

The Grenada tree boa.

120
Q

Which snake “Hangs” out during the day sleeping with end of tail wrapped around branch…in mangroves over water …in forest under overspreading leaves?

A

The Grenada tree boa.

121
Q

How does the Grenada tree boa defend itself?

A

Emits a musky odor as defense when handled also uses crypsis (defensive camouflage coloration) and will bite if threatened.

122
Q

What predators does the Grenada tree boa have?

A

Feral cats, opossums, mongoose.

123
Q

What conservation status does the Grenada tree boa have?

A

Numbers are declining in some areas.

124
Q

What does the black cribo eat?

A

Forages on the ground for rodents.

125
Q

At what time of day is the black cribo active?

A

Day and night.

126
Q

How long can the black cribo grow?

A

Up to 3m.

127
Q

How does the black cribo reproduce?

A

By laying eggs.

128
Q

Where does the Boddaert’s Tree Snake live?

A

In trees. Likes moist habitat.

129
Q

Is the Boddaert’s Tree Snake nocturnal or diurnal?

A

Diurnal.

130
Q

What reproduction does the Boddaert’s Tree Snake have?

A

Viviparous.

131
Q

What size is the Boddaert’s Tree Snake?

A

830 mm.

132
Q

What does the Boddaert’s Tree Snake eat?

A

Frogs and lizards.

133
Q

What is the species name for the red footed tortoise?

A

Chelonoidis carbonaria.

134
Q

What is the family of tortoises?

A

Testudinae.

135
Q

What is the habitat of tortoises?

A

Dry scrub habitat to forested areas as well as grasslands.

136
Q

What is the diet of the red footed tortoise?

A

Omnivorous—fruit, flowers, leaves, other vegetation and carrion.

137
Q

Is the red footed tortoise diurnal or nocturnal?

A

Diurnal.

138
Q

What predators does the red footed tortoise have?

A

Humans, rats, mongoose.

139
Q

What are the differences between the male and female red footed tortoise?

A

Males have a longer tail and are less colourful. Males carapace length tends to be 60cm whereas females are 40cm.

140
Q

What is the range of the red footed tortoise?

A

Panama, Columbia, through Brazil and Argentina and numerous West Indian islands.

141
Q

How does the red footed tortoise mate?

A

Oviparous: Up to 12 eggs laid in apr. 20 cm hole.

Take about 3 months to hatch (Groome 1970).

Hatchlings = 2 inches at hatching.

142
Q

Is the red footed tortoise currently extinct in the wild in Grenada?

A

Yes.

143
Q

What size is the leatherback turtle?

A

3m.

144
Q

What is the scientific name of the leatherback turtle?

A

Dermochelys coriacea.

145
Q

What do leatherback turtles eat?

A

Primarily soft-bodied animals like jellyfish

146
Q

How do leatherback turtles reproduce?

A

Solitary nesters.

Females have numerous clutches per season.

Approximately 100 eggs per clutch.

Incubation: 60-65 days.

Nest on sandy, tropical beaches.

147
Q

Where is the primary beach in Grenada for leatherbacks?

A

Levera beach and Grand Anse.

Nest protection is critical.

148
Q

When is the leatherback mating season?

A

Nesting season; late spring through early fall.

Wildlife (8 decks)

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