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reptiles Flashcards

1
Q

ectothermic

A

environment regulates body temp

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2
Q

preferred optimum temperature zone

A

range of temperatures required to allow thermoregulation

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3
Q

preferred body temperature

A

optimum temp for body functions

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4
Q

behavioural fever

A

seek out higher than normal temperatures when sick/stressed

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5
Q

humidity

A

50-70%

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6
Q

lighting

A

12-14 hours of light/day
UVA light = 320-400nm - stimulates reproductive behaviour in lizards
UVB - 290-320nm = required for conversion of vit D3 in skin, important for calcium metabolism

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7
Q

diet

A

Ca:P = 2:1
feeding frequency depends on weight gain/condition

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8
Q

basic features

A

vertebrates
heavily keratinised skin
ectothermic
internal fertilization (most egg laying)
nucleated red blood cells

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9
Q

what is thermoregulation controlled by

A

hypothalamus

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10
Q

2 main mechanisms of acquiring heat

A

heliothermy - sun
thigomothermy - warm object

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11
Q

CV system thermoregulation

A

heart rate and vasodilation/vasoconstriction
high temp - HR and vasodilation increases - warm blood to periphery
low temp - HR and vasodilation = warm blood retained in core
lungs can be bypassed by means of a right to left shunt, meaning reduced heat loss by evaporation

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12
Q

behavioural thermoregulation

A

body position and shape
burrowing/hiding/shade seeking
pigmentation

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13
Q

metabolism

A

slower than in mammals
15-20% at 37 degrees
dependent on activity, diet, size, body temp
reptiles utilise mainly aerobic metabolism but will switch to anaerobic for periods of intense activity
consequence = build up of lactic acid, drop in blood pH and reduced affinity for oxygen in haemoglobin

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14
Q

light dependency

A

for physiological functions
natural sunlight provides optimum full spectrum
UVA 320-400nm required for normal feeding behaviour, reproductive activity etc
UVB 290-320nm required for conversion of sunlight to vitamin D3

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15
Q

skeleton features

A

flexible spine
number of vertebrae variable
ribs well developed
movement of head occurs mainly at occipital condyle
99% of calcium stored in bones

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16
Q

what conditions can develop if calcium metabolism is altered or dietary supply is insufficient?

A

metabolic bone disease
hypoglycaemia

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17
Q

bone features

A

lack the haversian bone systems
bone healing is slow

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18
Q

skeletal growth

A

epiphyseal growth plates do not close - no skeletal maturity occurs

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19
Q

skull features

A

2 skull types; diapsid and anapsid

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20
Q

integument features

A

waterproof
shed periodically to allow growth
3 layers;
stratum corneum
intermediate layer
stratum germinativum (stratum basale)

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21
Q

ecdysis

A

shedding of old skin
controlled by thyroid gland

22
Q

dysedysis

A

failure to shed
usually husbandry related

23
Q

CV system features

A

blood volume = 8-10% bw
3 chambered heart
mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood occurs but kept to a minimum

24
Q

portal systems

A
  • renal portal system
    external iliac veins - carry blood draining from hind limbs = enter large renal portal vein
    means some of blood returning from hindlimbs enters kidney before returning to circulation
  • hepatic portal system
25
respiratory system
larynx easily identifiable trachea leads to paired lungs no diaphragm lung is simple sac structure - reticular pattern of ridges increases surface area for gas exchange
26
phases to respiration
expiration inhalation rest phase temperature controlling factor
27
GI system
oral cavity - mucous secreting glands - moisten and lubricated food teeth - only present in lizards and snakes
28
dentition
enamel, dentine and cement - NO periodontal ligament 3 types of tooth: - acrodont -pleurodont -thecodont
29
polyphydonty
teeth continually replaced throughout life
30
urinary system
excrete uric acid as the end product of protein catabolism kidneys located in caudal coelomic cavity no renal pelvis, no loop of henle, no renal pyramids bladder present - except snaked ureters open directly into cloaca
31
egg laying types
oviparous lay eggs which develop outside of body viviaparous - eggs hatched internally
32
which feature determines the sub-order a species is placed in?
anatomy of neck
33
what are shells composed of
keratinised plates called scutes
34
chelonia cardiorespiratory
nasal breathers trachea short no diaphragm can switch to anaerobic respiration for long periods. 3 chambered heart + renal portal system
35
chelonia blood sampling
jugular vein dorsal coccygeal vein
36
chelonoa GI
25% species completely herbivorous, rest omnivorous no teeth, sharp beak instead thick fleshy tongue simple stomach, lies near bilobed liver colon large and caecum distinct in herbivores digestion slow = 2-4wks transmit time
37
chelonia - urinary system
kidney has no loop of henle and no renal pelvis urine can be excreted directly into urodeum or refluxed into either bladder or colon for further water conservation
38
chelonia male reproductive system
single phallus which protrudes from the proctodeum =not involved in urination concave plastron to assist with mounting presence of phallus longer distance from caudal edge of plastron to cloaca longer broader tails than females internal testes
39
chelonia female reproductive tract
paired ovaries and oviducts ova travel down reproductive tract and egg is formed oviparous females store sperm for a long time - up to 6 years flat pastron, shorter distance between caudal carapace and cloaca
40
lizards thermoregulation
colour change body posture/position behaviour
41
lizards integument
integument heavily keratinised skin waterproof some species - spines/horns skin heals slowly in reptiles ecdysis occurs at regular intervals
42
lizards skeleton
kinetic skill - allows wider gape - pterygoideus and external adductor muscles main jaw closers + depressor mandible is main jaw opener flexible spine
43
cardiorespiratory lizards
large volume lungs glottis closed except during inspiration and expiration no diaphragm rely on respiratory muscles - increase chance of lung infection
44
the 3 lung types found in lizards
unicameral paucicameral multicameral
45
lizards GI
omnivores and insectivores - GI tract short and simple herbivores - hindgut fermenters
46
urinary system lizards
lobulated kidneys bladder species with high potassium diets have salt glands which are additional route for excretion
47
male reproductive system
abdominal testes paired hemipenes - stored in tail base - only one used in each copulatory event - not used in urination, often prolapse
48
reproductive tract female lizards
paired ovaries and oviducts = long and pleated mature oocytes that fail to ovulate remain in ovary
49
sexing lizards
males = larger, more colourful presence of prominent dewlaps, crests and spines have prominent femoral pores on thigh areas
50
snakes thermoregulation
based on behaviour basking used to gain heat, coiling to retain
51
snake integument
scales joined by small folded areas of skin pigment in subdermal layers ecdysis important to allow growth
52

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