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Special species > Reptile objectives > Flashcards

Reptile objectives Flashcards

1
Q

Which is the male and which is female?

A
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2
Q

Which is male, which is female?

A
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3
Q

Which is male, which is female?

A

Female = less pronounced femoral plugs and jowls

(Female on bottom left and top right)

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4
Q

What is the hands off exam?

What 4 things do you look for?

A

Observe animal before removing from enclosure

  1. General disposition, attitude, behavior
  2. Musculoskeletal
  3. Obvious respiratory problems
  4. Obvious GI problems
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5
Q

T/F: Serial weights are good indicators of hydration and nutrition status

A

TRUE

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6
Q

Which weight and measurements can help identify nutrition problems?

A

Morphometric measurements when combined with body weight

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7
Q

What are the methods for taking temperature?

A
  • Deep cloacal with probes
  • Surface temperature
    • Digital
    • Distant laser
    • Thermal monitor device
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8
Q

In which species should you avoid using the stethoscope for HR? What should be used instead?

A

Chelonians–use doppler at thoracic inlet between the distal cervical region and the proximal front leg

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9
Q

What are 3 methods of obtaining heart rate/rhythm?

A
  • Stethoscope (not for chelonians)
  • Pulse ox cloacal probe
  • Doppler (chelonians)
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10
Q

T/F: All reptiles lack a diaphragm

A

FALSE (kinda)

Crocodilians have pseudodiaphragms

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11
Q

What are the 2 breathing methods in the reptile respiratory system?

A

Intercostal excursion (careful w/ restraint!!)

Limb pumping

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12
Q

Do reptiles have a glottis?

A

YES

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13
Q

Which reptiles have complete tracheal rings? Which ones have incomplete rings?

A
  • Complete = crocs and chelonians
  • Incomplete = snakes and lizards
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14
Q

Are reptile lungs sac-like or sponge-like?

A

Both!

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15
Q

T/F: The cranial lung lobes are responsible for storage while the caudal provide gas exchange

A

FALSE

Cranial = gas exchange

Caudal = storage

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16
Q

Which species only has a single lung?

A

Snakes, though there are exceptions

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17
Q

What makes up the reptile circulatory system?

A
  • 3 chambered heart
    • All but crocodilians
  • Common ventricle
    • 2 atria
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18
Q

What should you look for when observing the nares?

A

Asymmetry or discoloration

Mucus

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19
Q

Which species have an external ear?

A

Lizards and crocodilians

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20
Q

Which species have external tympanums?

What are they prone to?

A

Chelonians & lizards

Prone to abscesses in the external tympanum

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21
Q

What kind of ears do snakes have and how do they work?

A
  • Inner ear only
  • Connection to jaw–‘hear’ vibrations
  • Low frequency: 150-600Hz
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22
Q

What should you pay attention to when examining chelonian ears?

A

Swelling–commonly occurs with hypovitaminosis A

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23
Q

Do most reptiles have moveable eyelids?

A

Yes

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24
Q

Which species has brille (spectacle)?

A

Snakes

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25
Q

What happens if snakes don’t shed their brille properly?

A

Abscesses can form

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26
Q

T/F: Reptiles can change the shape of their lens

A

TRUE

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27
Q

What is significant about the iris in reptiles?

A

Skeletal muscle

No consensual PLR

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28
Q

What common material can you use to observe reptiles’ oral cavities to avoid chomping of fingers?

A

Nylabone, PVC pipe, rope, or IV tubing

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29
Q

What should you specifically look for when inspecting the oral cavity?

A
  • Tongue, glottis, choana, and outlets of the eustacian tubes
  • MM color, excessive mucus, petechiation, plaques, ulceration, and caseous material
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30
Q

What color should reptilian MM be? Can you observe them in any locations other than the mouth?

A

Pink

Can also check MM at cloaca

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31
Q

_____ have well-developed, fleshy tongues with few taste buds.

A

Squamates

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32
Q

Lizard tongues have a _____ component prey acquisition and a _____ component that aids in swallowing

A

Lizard tongues have a cranial** component prey acquesition and a **caudal component that aids in swallowing.

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33
Q

Snakes have ______ tongues.

A

chemosensory

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34
Q

What is the Jacobson’s organ (4 facts)?

A
  • Vomeronasal organ
  • Opens directly into mouth
  • Tongue inserts into organ when mouth is closed
  • Innervated by olfactory nerve
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35
Q

What are chelonian tongues like?

A

Fleshy but tightly attached

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36
Q

What the f*** is a thecodont, pleurodont, and acrodont?

A
  • Thecodont = tooth socket
  • Pleurodont = longer roots with weak attachments to the mandible and no sockets; rest on the lingual side
    • Replaced continuously
  • Acrodont = shorter roots, firmer attachments, fused with bone
    • Not replaced
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37
Q

Name the teeth types in the following species:

Lizards, snakes, crocodilians, chelonians

A
  • Lizards and snakes = acrodont, pleurodont
  • Crocodilians = thecodont
  • Chelonians = no teeth; sharp tomia
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38
Q

In which species are oral mucosa glands well developed? Which species have poorly developed oral mucosa glands?

A

Well developed in snakes

Poorly developed in marine turtles and crocodilians

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39
Q

What are 5 reptilian glands?

A
  • Oral mucous
  • Lingual
  • Sublingual
  • Labial
  • Venom (modified labial glands)
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40
Q

How can you differentiate venomous snakes from nonvenomous (by looking at teeth)?

A

Venemous snakes have 2 rows of teeth

Nonvenomous snakes have 4 rows

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41
Q

What are some feeding modifications in chelonians?

A
  • Beak modified to diet
  • Esophageal papillae
    • Made out of keratin
    • Keep grain moving while letting out salt water
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42
Q

What in God’s name is this devil creature?!

A

A sea turtle! It’s just the esophageal papillae

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43
Q

What are you looking for when examining reptilian skin?

A
  • Sloughing
  • Abnormal shedding
  • Swelling
  • Edema
  • Abscesses
  • Ulceration
  • Exude
  • Malodor
  • Epibiota and external parasites
44
Q

What are 4 functions/characteristics of the epidermis?

A
  • Loss of respiratory function
  • Prevents fluid loss
  • Rare glands
  • 3 layers
45
Q

Name and describe the 3 layers of the epidermis

A
  • Stratum corneum
    • Heavily keratinized outer layer
  • Intermediate zone
    • Composed of stratum germinativum cells in various stages of development
  • Stratum germinativum
    • Deepest layer, consisting of cuboidal cells
    • Undergoes mitosis to form the intermediate zone
46
Q

What are 4 characteristics/functions of the dermis?

A
  • Thick connective tissue layer
  • Nourishes epidermis
  • Chromatophores
  • Osteoderms
47
Q

T/F: Scales are of epidermal origin while osteoderms are of dermal origin

A

TRUE

Osteoderms = bony plates that support epidermal scales; form plates for carapace and plastron

48
Q

What is ecdysis?

What is it dependent on and how does it vary among reptilian species?

What organ is involved?

A
  • Ecdysis = shedding/casting off outer coat or integument
  • Dependent on age, season
  • Crocodilians and chelonians = shed continuously
  • Squamates = periodic shed
  • Thyroid
49
Q

What should you look for when examining the carapace and plastron?

A
  • Scute quality
    • Hemorrhages: trauma or septicemia
  • Abnormal keratinization
  • Hardness and pliability
  • Fractures
  • Ulceration
  • Malodor
  • External parasites or epibionts
50
Q

What does examination of the limbs entail?

A

Range of motion

Evaluate for fractures and swelling

51
Q

Which species don’t have a sternum?

A

Snakes and chelonians

52
Q

Explain chelonian ribs

A
  • Thoracic ribs = carapace
  • Abdominal ribs = plastron
53
Q

How are snake ribs attached?

A

Ventral ends of ribs are attached by muscle to abdominal scales

54
Q

What should you look for during digital palpation of the caudal coelomic cavity?

A
  • Eggs
  • Cystic calculi
  • Organ enlargement
  • Masses
  • Fluid
55
Q

What is the purpose of digital palpation of the cloaca?

A
  • Aid in assessing gravidity
  • Colonic and cloacal tone
  • Cystic calculi
  • Space occupying lesions
56
Q

What are the various parts of the cloaca?

A
  • Coprodeum = fecal material from colon
  • Urodeum = ureters from bladder, reproduction
  • Proctodeum = urine and feces mix
  • Vent
57
Q

Do female reptiles have paired ovaries?

A

Yes

58
Q

What are the oviducts’ functions?

A

Albumin secreting and shell secreting function

59
Q

What do oviducts empty into?

A

Empty directly into cloaca through genital papillae

60
Q

What does viviparous mean?

A

Live birth

61
Q

What does oviviparous mean? In which species does it occur in?

A

Producing eggs that are hatched within the body, so that young are born alive but without placental attachment

Chameleonidae

62
Q

What’s the definition of oviparous?

A

Producing eggs that mature and hatch after being expelled from the body

63
Q

Which animals are parthenogenic? What does that mean?

A

Geckos

Development of an egg without fertilization

64
Q

Do male reptilians have paired testicles?

A

Yes

Dorsomedially within coelomic cavity; right cranial to left

65
Q

How does the copulatory organ vary among species?

A
  • Chelonians–single median penis originating from cranioventral aspect of cloaca
  • Lizards and snakes–pair of hemipenes located laterally in cloaca and inverting into base of tail by retractor muscle
66
Q

T/F: Male reptile kidneys have a sexual segment

A

TRUE

67
Q

Where do male ureters flow to?

A

Directly into cloaca (NOT through copulatory organ)

68
Q

T/F: Because of internal fertilization, if there is a prolapse of the penis it can be amputated–some animals can store sperm for up to 4 years

A

TRUE

69
Q

What should generally be done when restraining reptiles?

A
  • First identify their weapons
  • Reptiles don’t have diaphragms
    • Don’t squeeze too tightly
    • Don’t flip upside down
  • Check to be sure the reptile is non-venomous
70
Q

How should snakes be restrained?

A
  • Place index finger and thumb around mandible
  • Support body
    • Hand every 3ft
  • Minimum of 2 handlers for snakes > 5-6ft
  • If venomous, can use acrylic tube
71
Q

How do you restrain small lizards?

A
  • Grasp head firmly with index finger and thumb
  • Hold front and back legs against the body
  • Hold body in cup of hand
  • Do not grab tail
  • Lizards will bite, scratch, and whip tail
72
Q

How should medium lizards be restrained?

A
73
Q

What are crocodilians’ weapons? How should you restrain them?

A
  • Weapons = mouth and tail
  • Muscles to open and close mouth
    • Tape mouth shut
  • Hold tail at base
74
Q

How do you restrain chelonians?

A
  • Juveniles
    • Grasp lateral margins of carapace
    • Grasp carapace just caudal to head and between the rear flippers
  • Adults
    • Numerous personnel needed
    • Watch head and flippers!
75
Q

What are the environmental temperature gradients?

A
  • Temperate
    • Day 80-90F
    • Night 70-75F
  • Desert
    • Day 85-95F
    • Night 70-75F
76
Q

What 3 types of lighting environments exist for reptiles?

A

Diurnal, crepuscular, nocturnal

77
Q

What should you attempt with lighting amount (time-wise)?

A

Normal day length

78
Q

What is the full spectrum wavelength for UVA lighting? What does it affect?

A

230-400nm

Behavior

79
Q

What is the full spectrum wavelength for UVB lighting? What does it affect?

A

290-320nm

Necessary for production of vitamin D3 within skin

80
Q

What is the proper positioning of lighting?

A
  • 18in
  • Not through glass (deflects UVB)
  • 14hrs in summer and 12hrs in winter
81
Q

What are the humidity amounts for sub-tropical, temperate, and desert environments?

A
  • Sub-tropical = 70-90%
  • Temperate = 60-80%
  • Desert = 30-50%
82
Q

Why is humidity important?

A

Excess moisture leads to dermatitis

Inadequate moisture leads to dessication and dysecdysis

83
Q

How can humidity be increased?

A
  • Soak pans
  • Spray bottles
  • Bottle containers
  • Live plants
84
Q

What are environmental substrates based on?

A

Natural behavoir

85
Q

What are some examples of usable substrates?

A
  • Newspaper
  • Paper towels
  • Astroturf/outdoor carpet
  • Gravel
  • Aspen shavings
  • Playsand
  • Recycled paper pellets
86
Q

What materials should NOT be used as substrates?

A
  • Cat litter
  • Cedar shavings
  • Quartz sand
  • Small gravel
  • Corn cob litter
87
Q

What is considered when choosing substrate materials?

A

Aesthetics vs. convenience

88
Q

Why is it important to regularly clean substrates?

A

To avoid secondary infections

89
Q

What is required of cage furniture?

A
  • Determine particular needs
  • Adequate branches for arboreal species
  • Adequate shelter for all, especially burrowing
90
Q

What materials should NOT be used for cage furniture?

A

Toxic plants

91
Q

What are the water requirements/considerations for salt water enclosures?

A
  • pH
  • Ammonia
  • Nitrite
  • Nitrate
  • Salinity
92
Q

Define ectotherm

A

An animal that is dependent on external sources of body heat

93
Q

Define POTR. How is it established?

A

Preferred optimal temperature range

  • Radiant heat: bulbs, ceramic
  • Surface heaters: heat pads, hot rocks
94
Q

What is included in the initial diagnostic workup/

A
  • PE
  • CBC
  • Plasma biochemistry panel
  • Radiographs
  • Fecal
  • Other specialized diagnostics as needed
95
Q

What is included in the biochem panel?

A
  • Uric acid
  • Ca and P
  • Na
  • Cl
  • K
  • Plasma TP
  • Bile acids
96
Q

What is the interpretation of uric acid on a biochem panel?

A

Catabolic end product for nitrogen elimination (know when they have eaten)

Dietary intake, dehydration, renal disease

97
Q

What is the interpretation of Ca and P on a biochem panel?

A
  • Normal Ca:P is 2:1
  • Renal disease inversion ratio
  • Hypercalcemia may occur in reproductively active females
98
Q

What do increased/decreased Na and Cl levels indicate?

A
  • Increased: dehydration, dietary intake
  • Decreased: malnutrition
99
Q

What does elevated K on a biochem panel indicate? What about decreased levels?

A
  • Elevated = renal disease
  • Decrease = re-feeding syndrome
100
Q

What might hypoproteinemia be a result of?

Hyperalbuminemia?

Hyperglobulinemia?

A
  • Hypoproteinemia–debilitation, malnutrition
  • Hyperalbuminemia–dehydration, repro
  • Hyperglobulinemia–infectious disease
101
Q

T/F: Bile acids may be sensitive to liver disease

A

TRUE

(> 60umol/L)

102
Q

Can you perform a direct smear fecal for reptiles?

A

Yes

103
Q

What is the most common method of obtaining a fecal sample?

A

Flotation

104
Q

What specifically requires sedimentation for fecal examination?

A

Trematode eggs

105
Q

What is included in the minimum database?

A
  • Hematocrit
  • Total solids
  • Glucose
  • CBC
  • Plasma biochem panel
  • Bacterial blood cultures prior to antimicrobial therapy if enough blood can be obtained

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