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Special species > More reptile objectives > Flashcards

More reptile objectives Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: Venipuncture is a blind technique in reptiles

A

TRUE

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2
Q

Is aseptic preparation required for venipuncture?

A

YES

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3
Q

How much blood can be sampled at one time?

A

0.5ml/100g body weight

(Size and condition dictate; decrease volume in debilitated patients)

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4
Q

What are the anticoagulants of choice?

A

Lithium and sodium heparin

**EDTA causes RBC lysis in chelonians**

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5
Q

What possible contaminant should you be aware of during venipuncture?

A

Lymph contamination

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6
Q

What are the venipuncture sites for turtles, tortoises, and terrapins?

A
  • Jugular
  • Coccygeal
  • Brachial
  • Subcarapacial
  • Interdigital vein (leatherbacks)
  • Dorsal cervical sinus
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7
Q

What are the snake venipuncture sites?

A
  • Caudal (ventral tail) vein
    • Caudal to cloaca, 25-50% down tail, 40-60o angle on ventral midline
  • Heart
    • Located 22-33% from snout to vent (sedated)
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8
Q

How do you sample blood from the heart in a snake?

A
  • Sedation, restraint in dorsal recumbency
  • Palpate and immobilize
  • Advance needle at 45o in craniodorsal direction into apex of beating ventricle
  • Maintain digital pressure 30-60sec after this
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9
Q

Where are the venipuncture sites in lizards?

A
  • Caudal tail vein
    • Ventral midline 20-80% down tail, 45-90o
  • Ventral abdominal vein
  • Jugular vein
    • Gives large sample
    • Located behind tympanic membrane near level of the point of shoulder
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10
Q

Where is the crocodilian venipuncture site?

A
  • Caudal ventral tail vein
    • Small to medium
  • Supravertebral
    • Medium to large
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11
Q

What are the routine views for chelonian radiographs?

A
  • Dorsoventral
  • Lateral
  • Craniocaudal
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12
Q

What are the various types of fluids used in reptilians?

A
  • “Reptile ringers solution”
    • One part LRS + two parts 2.5% dextrose and 0.45% NaCl
  • Normasol-R
  • LRS
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13
Q

What other colloid fluids can be used?

A
  • Hetastarch
    • Diluted 1:2 or 1:3 with 0.9% saline
    • Given at a rate of 0.1ml/kg every 10-15min
    • May be used in chelonians with severe shock from massive blood loss
  • Oxyglobin
    • Limited clinical use in sea turtles and desert tortoises without adverse affects
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14
Q

What fluid therapy routes are used for severely compromised chelonians?

A
  • IV or IO routes of fluid administration
    • Allow for rapid rehydration and emergency therapy
  • IV or IO routes necessary for whole and artificial blood, colloid fluids, and fluids containing greater than 5% dextrose
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15
Q

Can the jugular vein be used for fluid administration?

A

Yes

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16
Q

In what species is the cervical sinus used for fluid therapy?

What are the advantages?

A
  • Sea turtles
  • Used for bolus IV fluid therapy
  • Advantages
    • Easy vessel accessibility
    • Minimal stress to patient
    • Repeated vascular access
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17
Q

What species/situations is the intracoelomic fluid therapy route used in?

A
  • Maintenance therapy
  • Injected through
    • Chelonians–inguinal fossa
    • Lizards–right side of lower abdomen
    • Snakes–lower 1/3 of body
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18
Q

What are the advantages of the IC route for fluid therapy?

A

Technically easy

Allows administration of crystalloid fluids with up to 5% dextrose

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19
Q

What are the disadvantages of the IC route for fluid therapy?

A
  • Fluids might not be absorbed rapidly
  • Potential of compromising lung space or perforating the lungs, urinary bladder, or an ovarian follicle in mature females
  • Hypoproteinemic patients may have fluid in the coelomic cavity (ascites/anasarca), which will further complicate absorption
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20
Q

What are the advantages of subcutaneous fluid administration?

A
  • Technically easy
  • Any available skin fold
    • Chelonians: inguinal fossa, medially in the front limb fossa and the ventral neck fold
    • Squamates: usually lateral body wall
      • Also between and over scapula in lizards
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21
Q

What are the disadvantages of subcutaneous fluid administration?

A
  • Poor absorption in severely debilitated chelonians
  • Only 2.5% dextrose or less
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22
Q

When can oral fluids be administered? Which ones are administered first?

A
  • Mild to moderate dehydration, maintenance
  • Oral fluids consisting of electrolytes and dextrose administered first
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23
Q

How are oral fluids administered?

A
  • Stomach tube using appropriately sized, well-lubricated red rubber or metal feeding tube
  • Stomach volume in most chelonian patients is about 2% BW or 20ml/kg
  • Anatomically, stomach is located in anterior 1/3 to mid-carapace in chelonians
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24
Q

When is soaking used as fluid administration? For how long?

A
  • Rehydration
  • Reduction of epibiota
  • 24hrs
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25
Q

Can fluids be administered intra-cloacally?

A

Yes

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26
Q

What are the limits for volumes of fluid administration?

A
  • Do NOT exceed 2-3% BW per day
  • Maintenance = 15ml/kg/day
    • Can go up to 30ml/kg/day
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27
Q

What are the indications for a blood transfusion?

A
  • Life-threatening anemia, PCV <5%
  • Acute hemorrhage
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28
Q

What should be used to collect blood for transfusions?

A

Acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD) solutions

29
Q

If performing a blood transfusion in a chelonian with a PCV >5%, what else should be done?

A

Fluid therapy, iron supplementation, and other supportive measures

30
Q

What are the general guidelines for antimicrobial therapy?

A
  • Broad spectrum
  • Diagnostic samples for culture/sensitivity should be acquired prior to initiation of antimicrobial therapy
  • Front half of body used for injections
31
Q

What 3 antimicrobials are generally used for aerobes?

A

Amikacin

Ceftazidime

Baytril

32
Q

What 3 antimicrobials are generally used for anaerobes?

A

Metronidazole

Clindamycin

Penicillins

33
Q

What antimicrobial covers both the aerobic and anaerobic spectrum?

A

Chloramphenicol

34
Q

Name 2 specific antifungal medications

A
  • Itraconazole
    • Oral
    • SID Q 72hrs
  • Fluconazole
    • Oral and injectable
    • Q 5days
  • Expensive
35
Q

Name 3 antiparasitic medications

A

Praziquantel, Pyrantelpamoate, Fenbendazole

36
Q

When should you use ivermectin in chelonians?

A

NEVER

37
Q

How should you proceed with anesthesia in a debilitated turtle?

A

CAREFULLY

  • ​If PCV <10% or plasma TP < 2.0g/dl, respiratory compromise, or sepsis, a thorough diagnostic workup should be performed
  • STABILIZE FIRST
38
Q

What are the advantages of medetomidine and ketamine?

A
  • IV or IM
  • Medetomidine reversible with atipamezole–faster recovery
  • Low dose of ketamine may be given b/c of synergism with medetomidine
39
Q

What are the disadvantages of medetomidine and ketamine?

A
  • Bradycardia, hypotension, hypercapnia, and hypoxemia
  • May be contraindicated in debilitated animals with impaired renal or liver function
  • Use lower end of dose range until stabilized
40
Q

What is the procedure for using propofol?

A
  • Dilute drug with 2 parts saline to 1 part propofol and administer IV over 2 minutes
  • Rapid induction
  • Use caution when administering–the faster administered, more marked respiratory depression
41
Q

What are 5 common nutritional disorders in reptiles?

A
  • Secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism
  • Hypovitaminosis A
  • Gout
  • Pyramiding
  • Thiamine deficiency
42
Q

In which species is hyperparathyroidism most common?

A

Lizards and aquatic turtles

43
Q

What is the signalment/history of hyperparathyroidism?

A
  • Juveniles, reproductively active females
  • Long-term rehabilitation animals
    • Inappropriate diet and environment
44
Q

What is the etiology of nutritional hyperparathyroidism?

A
  • Multifactorial
    • Prolonged deficiency in Ca or vit D
    • Imbalance of Ca:P ration in diet (typically excess P)
    • Inadequate exposure to UV light
45
Q

What will you find during the PE of a patient with nutritional hyperparathyroidism?

A
  • Muscle tremors, fasiculations, tetany
  • Skeletal
    • Fibrous osteodystrophy (thickening and swelling of long bones and mandibles)
    • Pathological fractures
    • Tooth loss
46
Q

What are the diagnostics of nutritional hyperparathyroidism?

A
  • Blood work
    • Usually low normal
  • Radiographs
    • Loss of cortical density
    • Fractures
47
Q

What is the (general) treatment for nutritional hyperparathyroidism?

A

Correct diet environment

Fluids (10-30ml/kg/day)

48
Q

What is the specific therapy for nutritional hyperparathyroidism

A
  • Ca glubionate
  • Vitamin D therapy
  • Calcitonin
    • 50IU/kg every 7 days for 2 treatments
    • Monitor blood Ca closely
49
Q

What is gout?

A

Deposition of uric acid and urate salts w/in visceral tissues and on articular surfaces

50
Q

What history is typically associated with gout?

A

Adult reptiles

Water deprived

High protein diets

51
Q

What is found on the PE of a patient with gout?

A
  • Variable
  • Similar to renal disease
  • Reduced mobility
52
Q

What are the different types of gout? Forms?

A

Primary (overproduction) and secondary (chronic disease or drug)

Visceral, articular, periarticular

53
Q

How do you diagnose gout?

A
  • Clinical pathology
    • Plasma chemistry
      • Hyperuricemia
    • Rads
      • Lytic lesions around or near joints, gouti tophi
    • Biopsy: affected site
  • Definitive diagnosis: demonstration of monosodium urate crystals w/in joints of affected patients or w/in tophi
54
Q

What is the therapy for gout?

A
  • Correct husbandry
    • Low purine diet
    • High moisture foods
    • Mist and regular access to water
  • Fluid therapy–secondary renal disease?
  • Probenecid–increase secretion
  • Allopurinol–reduce hepatic production
  • Manage inflammation (corticosteroids)
  • Sx?
55
Q

What is the signalment of hypovitaminosis A?

A

Young, fast-growing chelonians

Long-term rehabilitation chelonians

56
Q

What is the typical history of a patient with hypovitaminosis A?

A
  • Lacking adequate levels of vitamin A
    • Green plants
      • Caratenoids
57
Q

What are the clinical signs of hypovitaminosis A?

A
  • Bilateral blepharoedema
    • Squamous metaplasia
  • Nasal and ocular discharge
  • Lethargy
  • Anorexia
  • Wt. loss
  • Pneumonia
  • Diarrhea
  • Abscesses
58
Q

How do you diagnose hypovitaminosis A?

A
  • Vit A assay of liver
    • Levels vary according to species
  • Vit A blood testing
    • Retinol (varies)
  • History and PE
  • Culture and sensitivity–infection
  • Rads–pneumonia
59
Q

T/F: When treating hypovitaminosis A, you must correct the diet and environment

A

TRUE

60
Q

Which type of supplementation is preferred when treating hypovitaminosis A?

A

Oral (Vit A products, liver)

61
Q

Can SQ injections be given for treatment of hypovitaminosis A?

A

Yes

  • 1500-2000 IU/kg
    • 1-2 treatments at 14d intervals
    • Symptoms resolve over 2-4wks
    • Use oil based product
62
Q

Is it possible to overdose when treating hypovitaminosis A?

A

Yes!

–>epidermal sloughing

63
Q

What supportive care is needed for hypovitaminosis A?

A

Fluids and energy

64
Q

What is the signalment of thiamine deficiency?

A

Adult, piscivorous reptiles

65
Q

What is the typical history of thiaminase deficiency patients?

A

Frozen fish diet

Freezing fish decreases the amount of available thiamine and increases thiaminase activity

66
Q

What is seen on the PE of a thiamine deficiency patient?

A

Neurological signs

67
Q

How do you diagnose thiamine deficiency?

A

Response to therapy:

Vitamin B1 (thiamine) 25mg/kg/day IM

68
Q

What are the parameters/correction guidelines for blood glucose?

A
  • Portable units
  • Normal = 70-100g/dl
  • 40-50g/dl
    • 5% dextrose in LRS IC
  • 20-40g/dl
    • 10% bolus IV
  • < 20g/dl
    • 50% 0.5-1.0ml/kg

Special species (7 decks)

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