Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P > Reproductive system physiology (male/female) > Flashcards

Reproductive system physiology (male/female) Flashcards

1
Q

What structures comprise the male reproductive system?

A
  1. Testes – the male gonads
  2. System of ducts
  3. Prostate gland
  4. Seminal vesicles
  5. Urethra
  6. Penis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the male reproductive system concerned with?

A

•The male reproductive system is concerned with reproduction, and also the production of testosterone, a male hormone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe the location of the testes?

A

Contained within the scrotum – layer of loose skin and tissue divided into two by the dartos muscle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Label this image

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the testes for and how do they do it?

A
  • Hormone production
  • Leydig cells are found in clusters between the seminiferous tubules
  • Leydig cells secrete testosterone hence the testes are part of the endocrine system
  • Spermatozoa are also produced in the testes, these are produced within the seminferous tubules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What two types of cell do the seminiferous tubules contain?

What are they each for?

A

Spermatogenic cells – sperm forming

Sertoli cells – assist in spermatogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the epididymis?

How long is it?

Connections?

A
  • Tortuous canal
  • About 5.5 m in length
  • The efferent ducts of the testes feed into the epididymis
  • The epididymis is continuous with the seminal duct
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the seminal duct also called?

What does it continue on from?

Structure?

Where does it pass/go?

A
  • Is also called the vas deferens
  • Continuation of the epididymis
  • Is tortuous initially but then straightens out
  • Passes superiorly through the inguinal canal to enter the pelvis
  • Passes medially to the base of the bladder
  • Is joined by the duct of the seminal vesicle and forms the ejaculatory duct
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Label this image

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Explain spermatogenesis?

A

Spermatogenesis takes about 65-70 days

  1. The process begins with spermatogonia, these are a type of stem cell which contain the diploid number of chromosomes (2n), these are found near the basement membrane of seminiferous tubule.
  2. These can under go differentiation to become primary spermatocytes, these still have 46 chromosomes.
  3. The primary spermatocyte replicates its DNA, this gets shuffled, the cell then divides in two, each new cell having only one chromosome from chromosome pair (n). These cells are called secondary spermatocytes.
  4. Each chromosome is made up of two chromatids, these separate as the cell divides again, these cells are called spermatids.
  5. During the final stage the spermatid develops into a sperm cell.
  6. The above process is continuous and a male will produce about 300 million sperm each day!
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Label this sperm

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Label this image

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the spermatic cord do?

What does it contain?

What’s it surrounded by?

A
  • Suspends the testes in the scrotum
  • Contains the testicular artery, testicular veins, lymphatic vessels, the vas deferens (deferent duct) and testicular nerves
  • The cord is surrounded by a sheath of smooth muscle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do seminal vesicles do?

What are their layers?

A

•Secretes seminal fluid

  • Outer areolar coat
  • Middle smooth muscle layer
  • Inner mucous layer which is lined with columnar epithelium
  • The diverticula contain goblet cells which secrete most of the seminal fluid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Label this image

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the seminal vesicles?

A

2 sacs, about 5 cm long

Lie on the posterior aspect of the base of the bladder

Composed of a single coiled tube which gives rise to several diverticula

Combines with the seminal duct to form the ejaculatory duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How long are the ejaculatory ducts?

Where are they formed?

Where do they go?

A

About 2 cm long

Formed where the seminal duct (vas deferens) and the seminal vesicle unite

Travels inferiorly and anteriorly and enters the prostate gland

Opens into the prostatic part of the urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the Prostate gland and what does it do?

Layers?

Change in size?

A

Exocrine gland Provides ~ 25- 30% of ejaculate

Outer fibrous coat

Middle smooth muscle layer

Inner layer of columnar epithelium

Increases in size from birth slowly, but growth expands around puberty until age 30, after age 45 further enlargement may occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are Cowper’s glands?

A

Cowper’s glands- secrete seminal fluid- about 5% (clear fluid that enriches the seminal fluid)

Small exocrine glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Label this image

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the function of the prostate gland?

A

Function to excrete milky slightly acidic fluid, containing citric acid for the sperm to fuel the generation of ATP, proteolytic enzymes and seminal-plasmin which has an anti-biotic effect.

The prostatic secretions make up about 25% of the volume of semen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the function of the epididymis?

A

Epididymis- function- sperm maturation and storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the function of the ductus deferens?

A

Ductus deferens- function- conveys sperm during sexual arousal from epididymis toward urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the function of the ejaculatory ducts?

A

Ejaculatory Ducts- they eject sperm and seminal vessel secretions into the prostatic urethra.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Label this image

A
26
Q

What structures comprise the female reproductive system?

A

Ovaries – the female gonads

Fallopian tubes (uterine tubes)

Uterus

Cervix

Vagina

27
Q

What is the female reproductive system concerned with?

A

•The female reproductive system is concerned with reproduction, and also the production of oestrogen, a female hormone.

28
Q

Label this image

A
29
Q

Label this image

A
30
Q

Label this image

A
31
Q

Label this image

A
32
Q

Layers of the fallopian tubes?

A

Composed of three coats:

  • Outer serous coat which is provided by the peritoneum
  • Middle smooth muscle coat – outer longitudinal and inner circular fibres (moves ova by peristalsis)
  • Inner mucous membrane – lies in longitudinal folds and is covered by ciliated epithelium (assists with moving the ova)
33
Q

Where do the fallopian tubes lie?

How long are they?

What are it’s 4 parts?

A
  • Lie in the upper margins of the broad ligaments of the uterus
  • About 10 cm long
  • Transmit the ovum from the ovary to the uterus
  • Divided for descriptive purposes into 4 parts: the infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, uterine portion
34
Q

Label this image

A
35
Q

What are the layers of the uterus?

A

Composed of three coats:

  • An serous coat, provided by the peritoneum
  • A middle muscular coat – the myometrium, forms the bulk of the uterus, composed of smooth muscle
  • Inner mucous coat – the endometrium, continuous with the mucous membranes of the fallopian tubes and vagina, lined with columnar epithelium and contains numerous uterine glands
36
Q

Describe the uterus?

A

•Hollow muscular organ

Divided for descriptive purposes into two parts:

  • The body of the uterus
  • The cervix of the uterus
37
Q

Label this image, ligaments of the uterus

A
38
Q

Label this image

A
39
Q

What are the broad ligaments of the uterus?

A

Folds of peritoneum

  • Pass from each side of the uterus to the lateral walls of the pelvis
  • The fallopian tubes lie within the superior free edge of the broad ligament
40
Q

What are the round ligaments of the uterus?

A

Narrow fibrous bands

  • Attach to the uterus just below the fallopian tubes
  • Run between the layers of the broad ligament to the lateral pelvic wall
  • From the lateral pelvic wall the round ligaments run anteriorly
  • They pass through the inguinal canal and blend with the areolar tissue of the vulva
41
Q

What are the anterior and posterior ligaments of the uterus?

A

Folds of peritoneum

  • The anterior ligaments attach the uterus to the bladder
  • The posterior ligaments attach the uterus to the rectum
  • Two fibrous bands arise from the cervix, run either side of the posterior ligament, and attach to the sacrum
42
Q

What is the vagina?

Layers?

A

The Vagina

  • Fibromuscular canal

Outer loose areolar layer

  • vessels and nerves

Middle smooth muscle layer

Inner mucous membrane layer

  • rugae
  • stratified squamous epithelium
43
Q

Label this image

A
44
Q

Label this diagram

A

Oestrogen and Progesterone

45
Q

Label this diagram

A

Luteinizing hormone, Follicle stimulating hormone

46
Q

Label image

A
47
Q

What’s the 1st part of the cycle?

A

In the first part of the cycle estrogen stimulates the growth of the uterine lining

48
Q

What’s the 2nd part of the cycle?

A

In the second part of the cycle progesterone stimulates the secretion from the endometrium of glycogen and other nutrients, preparing the uterine lining for implantation.

49
Q

Label this image

A
50
Q

Events in ovulation?

A

At the start of the cycle some secondary follicles begin to secrete estrogen and inhibin.

  • By about day 6, a single follicle in one of the ovaries will out grow all the others.
  • This becomes a mature (graafian) follicle, this will enlarge to a blister on the ovary of more than 2 cm in diameter, oestrogen production will increase.
  • The rupture of the follicle or OVULATION occurs at about day 14. It is high levels of luteinising hormone that induce rupture and release of the egg (secondary oocyte)
51
Q

Events following ovulation

A

Corpus luteum cells, which form following rupture, secretes progesterone, oestrogen, relaxin and inhibin

If the egg is not fertilised the corpus luteum lasts for about 2 weeks, degenerating and stopping the secretion of hormones.

If the egg is fertilised then the corpus luteum persists, due to the production of the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), from the chorion of the human embryo from about 8 days from fertilisation.

52
Q

Rules associated to imaging possibly pregnant women?

A

FOR WOMEN OF CHILD BEARING AGE 12-55 YOU NEED TO BE AWARE OF THE 10 and 28 DAY RULES

•All female patients MUST be asked the date of their last menstrual period.

•

•If it was more than 10 days ago, you MUST ask them if there is any possibility they might be pregnant.

  • Although the risk of damage to a foetus from radiological examinations in the first two weeks of gestation is minimal, high dose examinations such as CT scans of the pelvis or abdomen or barium enemas should not be conducted beyond day 10 of the cycle.

If it was more than 28 days since the patients last menstruation, a pregnancy test should be carried out.

  • You may see hCG positive or negative on a form requesting a X-ray, this refers to Human Chorionic Gonadotropin. The pregnancy test relies on the detection of this hormone, which is produced in sufficient amounts in the first weeks of pregnancy to be detectable at ~ day 24 of the cycle i.e. before a period is missed.
53
Q

What are the female breasts?

A
  • Accessory organs of the female reproductive system
  • Develop after puberty
  • Are only fully functional at the latter stages of pregnancy and immediately following childbirth
  • Are present in an undeveloped form in the male
54
Q

Label this image

A
55
Q

What 3 things is the mature mammary gland composed of?

A

Composed of:

  • Glandular tissue
  • Fibrous tissue
  • Fatty tissue
56
Q

How many lobes is the breast composed of?

A

Composed of 15 – 20 lobes

57
Q

Explain the structure of the breast?

A

Composed of 15 – 20 lobes

Each lobe is subdivided into lobules

Each lobule contains numerous secretory alveoli

The secretory alveoli open into branches of the lactiferous ducts

Each lobe is drained by one lactiferous duct which passes up towards the areola

The lactiferous ducts form dilated sinuses near the areola which store the milk for lactation

The sinuses open by individual orifices onto the surface of the nipple

Covered by subcutaneous fascia

This fascia extends inwards to form numerous fibrous septa

These fibrous septa support the lobules

Fibrous strands also extend to the nipple and areolar

Fatty tissue lies over and between the lobes of the breast

58
Q

Label this image

A
59
Q

Label this image

A
60
Q

What is lactation associated with?

A

•Associated with pregnancy and childbirth

61
Q

Functions of mammary glands?

Possible problem imaging?

A

The functions of the mammary glands are the synthesis, secretion and ejection of milk

  • Milk production is stimulated primarily by the hormone prolactin, which is produced by the anterior pituitary gland.
  • The ejection of milk is stimulated by the hormone oxytocin, which is released from the posterior pituitary in response to a baby suckling.

*CERTAIN IMAGING PROCEDURES INVOLVE THE USE OF RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES, THEREFORE, IT IS ESSENTIAL TO ASK WOMEN OF CHILDBEARING AGE IF THEY ARE BREAST FEEDING AS IT IS POSSIBLE THEIR MILK MAY BE CONTAMINATED FOR A FEW DAYS.

A&P (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions