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A&P > Nervous system Physiology (1) > Flashcards

Nervous system Physiology (1) Flashcards

1
Q

What is this an image of?

A

Nervous tissue

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2
Q

Label this neuron

A
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3
Q

List the parts that make up a neuron?

A

Cell body

Nucleus

Dendrites

Myelin Sheath

Node of Ranvier

Axon

Schwann’s Cells

Axon terminals

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4
Q

What is the cell body of a neuron?

A

Cell body, also known as the perikaryon (per -i-KAR-e ̄-on) or soma, contains a nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm that includes typical cellular organelles such as lysosomes, mitochondria, and a Golgi complex. Neuronal cell bodies also contain free ribosomes and prominent clusters of rough endoplasmic reticulum, termed Nissl bodies.

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5
Q

What is a dendrite?

A

The receiving or input portions of a neuron. The plasma membranes of dendrites (and cell bodies) contain numerous receptor sites for binding chemical messengers from other cells. Dendrites usually are short, tapering, and highly branched. In many neurons the dendrites form a tree-shaped array of processes extending from the cell body. Their cytoplasm contains Nissl bodies, mitochondria, and other organelles.

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6
Q

What is an axon?

A

A neuron propagates nerve impulses toward another neuron, a muscle fiber, or a gland cell.

An axon is a long, thin, cylindrical projection that often joins to the cell body at a cone-shaped elevation called the axon hillock. The part of the axon closest to the axon hillock is the initial segment. In most neurons, nerve impulses arise at the junction of the axon hillock and the initial segment, an area called the trigger zone, from which they travel along the axon to their destination. An axon contains mitochondria, microtubules, and neurofibrils.

Because rough endoplasmic reticulum is not present, protein synthesis does not occur in the axon. The cytoplasm of an axon, called axoplasm, is surrounded by a plasma membrane known as the axolemma (lemma sheath or husk).

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7
Q

What are neurons?

A

Neurons are electrically excitable cells, their function is to process and transmit information. Neurons communicate using electrical and chemical synapses (synaptic transmission)

The process that underlies electrical synaptic transmission is the action potential.

An action potential is an electrical signal that can be propagated through a nerve

An action potential is generated because the neuron membrane is electrically excitable.

Although neurons can occur in different shapes and sizes, they contain common structural elements

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8
Q

Describe the stucture of a neuron?

A

Soma (cell body)

  • contains nucleus and other important material that provides for the life processes in the cell

Dendrites

  • receive the messages between neurons

Axon

  • links together the cell body and the terminal buttons

Terminal buttons (axon terminals)

  • where the message is passed over to another neuron, across the synapse
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9
Q

What are each of these basic neurons?

A
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10
Q

How is an action potential created?

What is the cells resting potential?

A

It is the difference between the intra and extra cellular environments, that is exploited to produce an action potential.

The membrane has selective ion channels through which some ions, such as sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl-), potassium (K+) and calcium (Ca2+), can diffuse.

Neuronal membranes also use selective pumps to move ions against the concentration gradient

Because ions have electrical charge, the concentration gradient creates an electrical potential (about -70 millivolts) between the inside and the outside of the cell this is the cells resting potential

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11
Q

Explain what is happening in this diagram?

A
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12
Q

What are synapses?

A

These occur at the boundary of each nerve cell where it meets another nerve, muscle or endocrine cell.

The nerve impulse can be transmitted not only by an electrical signal but also by a chemical signal.

The substances which act as chemical signallers are called neurotransmitters.

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13
Q

Label this image

A
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14
Q

Where would electrical synapses typically be found?

A
  • Anywhere, where a fast synchronous response is required for example:
  • Retina
  • Reflexes
  • More interestingly they are found throughout the brain cortex and act in tandem with chemically driven neurotransmission.
  • It is thought this gives the brain additional ‘plasticity’ because the mode of transmission is temporally different (chemical synapses are slower)*
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15
Q

Label this image

A
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16
Q

Name some common neurotransmitters

A

Acetylcholine

Norepinephrine

Dopamine

Serotonin

Glutamate

GABA- Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid

Enkephalins- Enk

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17
Q

What are the effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?

A

Most of your organs are supplied with both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves

The two systems have opposing effects:

The sympathetic system is the “fight or flight” system

The parasympathetic system is in control in the normal relaxed state “rest and digest” system

š

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18
Q

Which system constricts the pupil?

A

Parasympathetic

Sympathetic dilates

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19
Q

Which system stimulates salivation?

A

Parasympathetic

Sympathetic inhibits salivation

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20
Q

Which system accelerates heart?

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic inhibits heart

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21
Q

Which system relaxes bladder?

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic contracts bladder

22
Q

Which system stimulates digestive activity?

A

Parasympathetic

Sympathetic inhibits digestive activity

23
Q

Which system relaxes rectum?

A

Parasympathetic

Sympathetic contracts rectum

24
Q

Which system stimulates glucose production by the liver?

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic stimulates gall bladder

25
Q

Which system constricts the bronchi?

A

Parasympathetic

Sympathetic relaxes bronchi

26
Q

Which system stimulates the secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the kidney?

A

Sympathetic

27
Q

How many cervical nerve pairs are there?

A

8

28
Q

How many thoracic nerve pairs are there?

A

12

29
Q

How many lumbar nerve pairs are there?

A

5

30
Q

How many sacral nerve pairs are there?

A

5

31
Q

How many coccygeal nerve pairs are there?

A

1

32
Q

What is supplied by the cervical nerves?

A

C1,2,3- control the head and neck

C4- helps control the shoulders as well as the diaphragm

C5- controls upper body muscles like the deltoids and the biceps

C6- controls the wrist extensors and also provides some innervation to the biceps.

C7- controls the triceps

C8- controls the hands

33
Q

What is supplied by the thoracic nerves?

A
  1. Chest muscles
  2. Abdominal muscles
34
Q

What is supplied by the lumbar nerves?

A

Leg muscles

35
Q

What is supplied by the sacral nerves?

A
  1. Bowel, bladder
  2. Sexual function
36
Q

Label this image

A
37
Q

Label and fill in the blanks

A
38
Q

Explain the spinal cords physiology?

What does the information received here control?

What are the two pathways?

A

The spinal cord sends and receives information from the entire body, this information controls sensation, movement and autonomic function.

There are two pathways consisting of axon bundles

  1. The descending pathway
  2. The ascending pathway
39
Q

Explain the descending pathway?

A

The descending pathway-voluntary movement control, information comes from the cortico-spinal tract in the brain to motor neurons in the spinal cord and on to the final destination.

40
Q

Explain the ascending pathway?

A

The ascending pathway- carries information from sensory neurons in the spinal tract to the brain, this gives information about body position, temperature, pain etc

41
Q

Label the reflex arc

A
42
Q

Explain the reflex arc?

A
  • The stimulus is detected by a receptor this can be the end of a dendrite or specialist receptor cell
  • The sensory neuron passes this information onto the CNS
  • The CNS (brain or spinal cord) interprets and integrates this message
  • A motor neuron carries the message to the effectors
  • The effectors, a muscle or gland then undertakes a response. Reflex arcs generally involve large numbers of connecting neurones in the CNS
43
Q

Label where the neurons go

A
44
Q

Label the types of neuron

A
45
Q

What can cause a SCI?

How is the level of neurological injury determined?

Where are the tetraplegia and paraplegia regions?

A
  • This can result from trauma or disease
  • The level of neurological injury is

determined by the lowest point on the

spinal column below which there is

decrease or absence of feeling.

•Injuries to C1-T2 can result in tetraplegia (quadriplegia)

Injuries between T2 and S5 can result in

paraplegia

46
Q

Complete this diagram

A
47
Q

Explain the role of C1-C3 nerves?

A

C1, C2, and C3 (the first three cervical nerves) control the head and neck, including movements forward, backward, and to the sides.

These nerves also play key roles in breathing.

The C2 dermatome handles sensation for the upper part of the head, and the C3 dermatome covers the side of the face and behind the head.

(C1 does not have a dermatome.)

48
Q

Explain the role of the C4 nerve?

A

C4 helps control the shoulders as well as the diaphragm—for breathing. The C4 dermatome covers the neck and top of the shoulders.

49
Q

Explain the role of the C5 nerve?

A

C5 controls upper body muscles like the deltoids and the biceps. The C5 dermatome covers the shoulders and outer part of the arm down to about the elbow or close to the wrist.

50
Q

Explain the role of the C6 nerve?

A

C6 controls the wrist extensors (muscles like the extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, and extensor carpi ulnaris that control wrist extension and hyperextension) and also provides some innervation to the biceps. The C6 dermatome covers the top of the shoulders and runs down the side of the arm and into the thumb side of the hand.

51
Q

Explain the role of the C7 nerve?

A

C7 controls the triceps. The C7 dermatome goes from the shoulder down the back of the arm and into the middle finger.

52
Q

Explain the role of the C8 nerve?

A

C8 controls the hands. The C8 dermatome covers the lower part of the shoulder and goes down the arm into the pinky side of the hand.

A&P (17 decks)

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