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A&P > Blood And Blood Groups > Flashcards

Blood And Blood Groups Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of blood

A

Viscous

38°C

pH 7.35-7.45

Sodium chloride concentration of 0.85-0.95%

Blood constitutes about 8% of total body mass

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2
Q

Blood plasma makeup

A

Straw coloured sodium chloride

Albumin- 55%- provide blood with viscosity, and exert osmotic pressure maintaining water balance between blood and tissues

Glubulin- 38%- protein group to which antibodies belong

Fibrinogen- 7%- essential role in blood clotting

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3
Q

3 types of blood cell

A
  • Erythrocytes
  • Leukocytes
  • Thrombocytes
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4
Q

Whats the most abundant type of blood cell?

A

Erythrocyte

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5
Q

Structure of red blood cells

A

A nuclear (these cells do not divide and have no need to have a nucleus)

Small circular biconcave discs (6–8μm) (~170 would line up along a mm)

Very thin and flexible – can squeeze through narrow capillaries

A protein, haemoglobin, constitutes about 33% of the cell and gives these cells their red colour

Main function is the transportation of gases

Haemoglobin combines with oxygen to form oxy-haemoglobin and with carbon dioxide to form carboxy-haemoglobin

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6
Q

Structure and function of leukocytes

A

Do have nuclei

Do not contain haemoglobin

Two major groups:

  • Granular leucocytes
  • Agranular leucocytes

Function of leucocytes is to fight infection and destroy foreign microbes

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7
Q

3 types of granular leucocyte

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
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8
Q

2 types of agranular leucocyte

A
  • Lymphocytes
  • Monocytes
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9
Q

Function of thrombocytes

A

Prevent fluid loss through larger wounds by initiating a chain of reactions that cause the blood to clot (coagulation)

Prevent fluid loss through a capillary by platelet plug formation

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10
Q

Thrombocyte coagulation

A

Involves various chemicals called coagulation factors

Coagulation factors are released by damaged cells or by platelets

Blood clotting is a complex process whereby the activation of one coagulation factor triggers the activation of another and so on until the end result of coagulation is reached.

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11
Q

Platelet plug formation

A

When platelets come into contact with a damaged blood vessel their physical characteristics change becoming enlarged, irregular and sticky

This forms a platelet plug which prevents blood loss through a small vessel

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12
Q

3 functions of blood

A
  • Transportation
  • Regulation
  • Protection
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13
Q

What does blood transport?

A
  • Oxygen from the lungs to the cells
  • Carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs
  • Nutrients from the digestive organs to the cells
  • Waste products from cells to the kidneys, lungs, sweat glands
  • Hormones form the endocrine glands to the cells
  • Enzymes to various cells
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14
Q

What does blood regulate?

A
  • pH (through buffers)
  • Body temperature (through the heat-absorption and coolant properties of the water component)
  • The water content of cells (through the concentration of dissolved sodium ions)
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15
Q

What does blood protect?

A
  • Against blood loss – clotting mechanism
  • Against toxins and foreign microbes through the action of white blood cells
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16
Q

Where is red bone marrow present?

A
  • Present in all foetal bones
  • Only present in certain bones in the adult
  • Pelvis
  • Ribs
  • Sternum
  • Vertebrae
  • Skull
  • Distal and proximal ends of long bones
17
Q

Haematopoiesis

A

Haematopoiesis is the formation of the bloods cellular components

THIS OCCURS IN MYELOID TISSUE, WHICH IS FOUND IN BONE MARROW AND LYMPHATIC TISSUE

All the cellular components of blood are derived from haematopoietic stem cells

Mature blood cells are incapable of division, they arise from precursor cells, known as progenitor or stem cells

A stem cell is capable of self renewal and differentiation

Adult humans produce

~2 X 1011 erythrocytes (lifespan ~120 days)

~ 2 X 1011 neutrophils (lifespan ~ 6 hours)

~ 2 X 1011 platelets (life span ~7 days)

from the bone marrow daily!

18
Q

What type of cell creates all cells?

A

Pluripotent stem cell

19
Q

What two cells come directly from a pluripotent stem cell?

A
  1. Mixed myeloid progenitor cell
  2. Lymphoid stem cell
20
Q

What cells form from the mixed myeloid progenitor cell?

A
  • Erythrocytes
  • Platelets
  • Monocytes
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
21
Q

What cells form from the lymphoid stem cell?

A
  • B-cell
  • T-cell from the thymus
  • Natural killer cell
22
Q

Where is Erythropoietin produced and what does it regulate?

A
  • Produced by mainly by the kidney
  • Regulates erythropoiesis
23
Q

Where is Filgrastim produced?

What does it regulate?

A
  • Produced by stromal cells
  • Regulates granulopoiesis
24
Q

Where is Thrombopoietin produced?

What does it regulate?

A
  • Produced by the liver
  • Regulates platelet production
25
Q

What are Cytokines?

What do they do?

A
  • Small glycoproteins
  • These act as local hormones
  • Stimulating the proliferation of progenitor cells in the red bone marrow and regulating the activities of cells involved in non-specific defences and immune responses
26
Q

What are Agglutinogens?

A

The surfaces of erythrocytes contain a genetically determined assortment of antigens on their surface.

These antigens are agglutinogens

27
Q

How many blood groups are there in total?

A

At least 24, actually 35 groups

28
Q

How many antigens have been detected on the surface of red blood cells in total?

A

More than 100, actually over 600 antigens

29
Q

Outline the ABO blood system?

A

ABO blood grouping is based on two glycolipid antigens

A and B People who have just the A antigen present will have a type blood A

People with only the B antigen are B type

People with both A and B antigens are AB type UNIVERSAL RECEIPIENT

People with neither antigen A or B are type O UNIVERSAL DONOR

Blood plasma usually contains antibodies called agglutinins, these react with A or B antigens if they are mixed. The anti-A reacts with antigen A, likewise the anti-B reacts with antigen B. Reaction causes agglutination (clumping of the red blood cells)

YOU DO NOT HAVE ANTIBODIES AGAINST YOUR OWN RBC ANTIGENS, BUT, YOU DO HAVE ANTIBODIES FOR ANTIGENS YOUR BLOOD CELLS LACK

30
Q

Explain Rhesus?

A

People who have rhesus antigens on their RBC are Rh+

People that lack Rh antigens are Rh –

If an Rh– person receives Rh+ blood they will develop Rh antibodies that will remain in their blood, if they receive a second transfusion of Rh+ blood agglutination will occur.

If an Rh– woman has circulating Rh antibodies and then become pregnant with a Rh+ foetus, the mothers antibodies can cross the placenta and attack the foetal blood causing agglutination and haemolysis of the babies RBC. It is possible to transfuse the baby in utero to keep it alive until it is viable

A&P (17 decks)

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