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z PP1: Intro Physiology > Reproductive System Exam 2 > Flashcards

Reproductive System Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Ovarian Functions

A

Production and release of gametes
Maturation of oocyte
Secretion of estrogen, progesterone, inhibin

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2
Q

Estrogen Effects

A

Heart/Liver: down-regulate cholesterol
Breast: increase size
Ovary: maturation
Vagina: maturation
Uterus: maturation
Bone: density

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3
Q

Progestorone

A

Changes in uterus layer
Mammary gland development
Relaxes uterine smooth muscle
Blocks follicular maturation and ovulation
Embryo implantation

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4
Q

How many follicles are in the ovarian cycle

A

Eggs stored in follicles
20 follicles begin maturation
Only one matures

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5
Q

Regulation of Follucular Phase: LH, FSH, GnRH

A

-Hormones stimulate development of primordial follicles into primary, secondary, and mature follicles
-GnRH controls cycle
-FSH initates follicular growth
-LH stimulates development of ovarian follicles
-FSH and LH stimulate cells in the secondary and mature follicles to secrete estrogens

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6
Q

Ovulation functions

A

-Mature follicle ruptures and releases its secondary oocyte into pelvic cavity
-Occurs 34-38 hours after LH surge begins
-Occurs 14 days before menstrual flow

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7
Q

Ovulation mechanism

A
  1. High levels of estrogen release GnRH and LH
  2. GnRH promotes release of FSH and LH
  3. LH surge causes ovulation
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8
Q

Positive Feedback in late follicular phase

A

Secretion of estrogen
Estrogen acts on anterior pituitary gland
Hypothalamus produces increased LH

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9
Q

Luteal Phase

A

-Follicle collapses and granulose cell enlarge -> make corpus luteum

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10
Q

Corpus Luteum Effects in the Luteal Phase

A

-Made under influence of LH
-Secretes progesterone, estrogen, inhibin
-Temporary and helps maintain pregnancy
-Max development in 10 days then degenerates

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11
Q

Negative Feedback in Luteal Phase

A

-Increase of progesterone and estrogen by corpus luteum
-Levels suppress release of FSH and LH
-Inhibin suppresses release of FSH and lesser LH

(Estrogen high, FSH & LH low)

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12
Q

Fertilization Occurs

A

-Ovum moves into uterus
-Secrete progesterone and estrogen for 60-80 days due to HCG
HCG has LH and FSH properties
-60-80 days HCG declines and corpus luteum degenerates

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13
Q

Placenta

A

Temporary endocrine organ
Transports molecules
Produces hormones

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14
Q

Levels of what is detected for pregnancy tests

A

HCG (Human chrionic gonadotropin)

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15
Q

Fertilization does not occur

A

-Corpus luteum degenerates
-Form corpus albican (scar tissue)
-Corpus luteum stops secreting estrogen and progesterone
-Increase FSH and LH
-Cycle restarts

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16
Q

Uterus main functions

A

-Pathway part for sperm in vagina to reach tubes
-Implantation of fertilized ovum
-Source of menstrual flow w/o implantation

17
Q

Uterus Wall (Layers outside to inside)

A

Perimetrium: Incomplete membrane, peritoneal lining

Myometrium: Thickest portion, muscle, force to push fetus into vagina, oxytocin contraction, 90% mass

Endometrium: 10% mass, glandular & vascular tissue, physiological demands of growing fetus

18
Q

Endometrium: functional and basilar zones

A

Functional Zone: Uterine glands, endometrial thickness, dramatic changes in thickness during cycle

Basilar Zone: Endometrium to myometrium, terminal branches of tubular endometrial glands

19
Q

Uterine Cycle: Proliferative phase, secretory phase, fertilization

A

Day 5-14: proliferative phase
-New growth of endometrium by estrogen -> uterine glands and spiral arteries develop -> glycogen fills glands

Days 14-28: secretory phase
-Progesterone influences endometrium -> secretes glycogen, arteries coil, prepare for implantation

20
Q

Uterine Cycle w/ & w/o fertilization

A

With:
-Estrogen & Progesterone levels high -> cycle stops -> no menstruation

Without:
-Endometrium degenerates, decrease estrogen & progesterone level which causes shedding
-Blood vessels constrict (tissue dies, 50ml blood)

21
Q

Overview of cycle: phases steps and hormone

A

Follicular Phase:
Primordial, primary, secondary follicules (estrogen)

Ovulation:
Mature follicle and ovulation (both have estrogen)

Luteal Phase:
Corpus Luteum (progestorone & estrogen)

No fertilization:
Corpus Albican

22
Q

Menopause: when to count and symptoms

A

Rapid decrease of estrogen, 12 months w/o period

Symptoms:
Hot flashes, night sweats, mood swings

Low level of estrogen, increase chance of breaking bones, decrease Ca2+

23
Q

Accessory organs: Ducts and sex glands

A

Ducts: sperm from epididymis -> vas deferens -> urethra
Accessory sex glands: produce secretions to protect and support the sperm

24
Q

Male puberty before and during

A

Before: small amounts of testosterone inhibit GnRH release
During: suppress GnRH release, result in increased production of FSH, LH, testosterone

25
Q

Effects of Testosterone

A

-Produced by Leydig cells
-Development of male sex organs in embryo
-Descent of testes
-Enlargement of genitalia
-Sperm cell formation
-Hair growth
-Metabolic Rate

26
Q

Testes

A

Site of production of sperm and sex hormone (androgens)
Suspended in sac outside of abdominal wall
-Sperm Production (2-3 degree cooler)

27
Q

Sertoli in Seminiferous Tubules

A

Sertoli cells:
-Inside spermatogenic cells
-blood-testies barrier
-Regulation of spermatogensis
-Nourish sperm cells
-Secrete inhibin

28
Q

Spermatogenic Cells in Seminiferous Tubules

A

-Spermatogonia
-Spermatocytes
-Spermatids
-Spermatozoa

29
Q

Leydig cells

A

Located btw seminiferous tubules
Secrete testosterone
Testosterone are androgen and synthesized in testes
Adrenal Cortex synthesizes other circulating androgens but are less potent than testosterone

30
Q

Spermatogenesis stages

A

Produced in seminiferous tubules

Cell Division:
Mitosis -> form primary spermatocytes
Meiosis -> forms spermatids from spermatocytes
Spermiogenesis -> spermatids form sperm during differentiation

Sperm released into lumen of seminiferous tubule

31
Q

Parts of Sperm

A

Acrosome:
Cap-like vesicle filled with enzymes
Help penetrate oocyte

Middle Piece:
Mitochondria
ATP for locomotion

300 million sperm complete spermatogenesis a day

32
Q

Hormones in Spermatogenesis

A

-Beginning of puberty: anterior pituitary increase secretion of LH and FSH
-LH stimulates secretion of testosterone from Leyding cells
-Testosterone controls spermatogenesis
-FSH stimulates Sertoli cells & spermatogonia increasing the rate

33
Q

What cell secretes ABP and inhibin

A

Sertoli cells

34
Q

ABP binds to ________ to maintain a concentration

A

ABP binds to testosterone -> maintains concentration

35
Q

The level of inhibin regulates ____ and production of ______

A

FSH, sperm

36
Q

What does the testis and epididymis do

A

Testies: coiled system that stores and transmits sperm

Epididymis: sperm acquire motility -> also storage

37
Q

How is semen made and how does urine not mix with this

A

Made by mixing sperm with gland secretions

Sphincter closes off bladder connection to urethra

38
Q

Infertility in males

A

20 million per ml is infertile
Need viagra to increase blood flow to organ to have erection

Vasectomy - surgical infertility, remove vas deferens

z PP1: Intro Physiology (10 decks)

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